Intro Unit
What is Representative Democracy? Give an example of a country that is one.
A system of government where people elect leaders and those leaders make decisions.
Example: United States
A systematic approach to research.
Steps: Problem, hypothesis, experiment, observation, conclusion
God, Gold, Glory
Define industrialization.
Industrialization is the process of transforming the economy of a nation or region from a focus on agriculture to a reliance of the manufacturing of goods in factories.
Absolutism is a political system in which a single leader controls all branches of government and has complete authority over everyone and everything in the country.
Examples: Nicholas II, Louis XVI
What does Conservative mean? What political party does it align with in the United States?
Conservative = Republican
What is the Protestant Reformation? Who is the main person associated with it?
The Protestant Reformation is the fracturing of Christianity in Western Europe between the Catholic Church and the followers of Martin Luther (Lutheranism/Protestantism) over criticisms of some of the Catholic Church's practices.
Main person = Martin Luther
Extending one's rule over other people and countries for the purpose of extending your own political and economic access and your power and control.
Explain how work was different in the domestic system versus the factory system.
Work in the domestic system was done by a specialized worker at home, and they were responsible for all parts of the production of the finished good.
Work in the factory system was done by unspecialized workers who did one part of the process repeatedly. It was much faster than the domestic system, but the workers were more easily replaced.
Explain the problems that France's economy faced leading up to the French Revolution.
France's economy was struggling because of the debt resulting from France's involvement in the Seven Years' War and the American Revolution. To pay this debt, the 3rd estate was heavily taxed, and many people could not afford to pay these taxes.
There were also several years of bad harvests, so there was a food shortage, leading to increasing food prices that people also could not afford. Therefore, many people were hungry.
If the supply of a product is high and the demand is low, what happens to the price of that product?
The price will go down/be low.
Who were the Medici family? What are they an example of?
What is a cash crop? Give two examples of cash crops.
A cash crop is an agricultural product sold for profit versus grown for personal use.
Examples: sugar, tobacco, cotton, etc.
Name two reasons why the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain.
Changes in agricultural technology and the Agricultural Revolution
A growing population and urbanization
Availability of natural resources like coal and iron
Government policies that favored entrepreneurs and businesses
Higher literacy rates and sharing of information
Who are the Bolsheviks? What were their goals?
The Bolsheviks were a radical group of Russian revolutionaries within the Petrograd Soviet that eventually came to dominate the body. Their leader was Vladimir Lenin.
The Bolsheviks became the Communist Party of Russia. They called for land redistribution, an end to Russian involvement in World War One, control of industry by workers, and food for peasants.
A government where one person has all of the power, and individual rights are not important.
Example: Vladimir Putin
Choose two of the following Enlightenment ideas and explain them:
1. Natural Rights
2. Consent of the governed
3. Separation of powers
4. Social Contract
Natural rights: Inherent rights all humans possess, like life, liberty, and property
Consent of the governed: Legitimate government power comes from the people
Separation of powers: division of government into different parts/branches to prevent abuse of power
Social Contract: Agreement between people and government for mutual benefit. Both the government and people have responsibilities to one another
Choose two categories of the effects of imperialism and explain them:
1. Political effect
2. Economic effect
3. Cultural effect
4. Social effect
Political: indigenous people lose control of their country's government to Europeans Economic: economies of colonies become focused on use of raw materials and exports
Cultural: European cultural spread and there was a westernization of life
Social: A hierarchy formed with Europeans at the top and indigenous people at the bottom
What is Marxism? Who does it appeal to in industrialized societies?
Marxism is a political theory that critiques capitalism and class struggle, and advocates for the forcible overthrow of the capitalist system by the proletariat with the goal of creating a classless society.
It appeals to the working class, because of how poorly they are treated in industrialized, capitalist societies.
Who was the leader of the Reign of Terror and how did the Reign of Terror change the French Revolution?
Leader: The Committee of Public Safety, Maximilian Robespierre
The Reign of Terror sought out "enemies of the revolution" and killed them. This was deemed necessary to help France defend itself from enemies abroad as well, as they were fighting much of Europe. Although the enemies of the revolution should've been members of the 1st/2nd estate, the majority of the Terror's victims were members of the 3rd estate. More than 40,000 people were executed, oftentimes by guillotine. The Reign of Terror represents a radical shift in the French Revolution.
What are two differences between a Market and a Command economy?
The government is in complete control of the economy in Command, while the government is not involved in a Market.
The goal of a Command economy is to produce what people need, while the goal of a Market economy is to produce what people want.
A Command economy is focused on making sure everyone has equal access to resources, while a Market economy is focused on an individual's ability to make money.
How did the printing press contribute to the Renaissance and Reformation?
It made printing easier and cheaper, helped spread knowledge from The Classics throughout Europe, increased literacy rates in Europe, and helped people access and read the Bible.
Smallpox, because indigenous communities in the Americas didn't have any immunity to the disease.
Who were the Luddites? What did they do?
The Luddites were a group of English textile workers who were against the mechanization of the textile industry and wanted to preserve traditional skilled labor jobs.
Their tactic: destroy steam powered looms and other machinery in textile factories.
Who was Rasputin? How did he contribute to the Russian Revolution?
Rasputin was a Russian peasant who was believed to have mystic powers. He was introduced to the Romanov family, and Alexandra came to believe that he could heal her son's hemophilia. Rasputin became very close friends with the royal family. His behavior, however, was inappropriate, and many Russian nobles resented a peasant having such close access to the royal family. They felt like he was influencing the governing of their country.