Physical Geography
Two human activities that have harmed the Mediterranean ecosystem
Overfishing and pollution (also overdevelopment)
Why did Europe’s long coastline encourage trade and exploration?
Easy access to waterways for shipping and travel
The two most important Greek city-states
Athens and Sparta
The group of wealthy landowners in ancient Rome
Patricians
One main goal of European exploration
To find gold and establish trade routes
Why the Northern European Plain has many large cities
Flat land, fertile soil, and ease of transportation and trade
Why rivers and canals are better than land for transporting goods
They allow heavier loads to move more cheaply and efficiently
The type of democracy practiced in Athens
Direct democracy
The executive leaders of the Roman Republic
Two consuls
The industry that began the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
Textile industry
The climate of Southern Europe with hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters
Mediterranean climate
The ocean current that warms much of Western Europe
North Atlantic Drift
What Pericles did to strengthen democracy in Athens
Paid citizens to hold public office
One way the Roman Republic influenced modern governments
Separation of powers and written laws
One positive and one negative effect of the Industrial Revolution
Increased production and wealth; harsh factory conditions
A narrow inlet of the sea between steep cliffs or mountains, common in Scandinavia
Fjord
Why villages often developed near bays
Protection from storms and easy access to trade routes
The main reason democracy thrived in Athens but not in Sparta
Athens valued participation, while Sparta focused on military discipline
What marked the beginning of the Roman Empire
Julius Caesar becoming ruler (followed by emperors)
An important cause of the French Revolution
Unfair treatment of the lower classes
The four major land regions that make up Europe
Northern European Plain, Alpine Mountain System, Central Uplands, Mediterranean Highlands
Why Europe’s mountain chains did not completely block trade
Mountain passes allowed movement of people and goods
Greek thinkers like Socrates and Plato influenced Western civilization by
Encouraging critical thinking and the search for truth
One major reason for the decline of the Roman Empire
Political instability, invasions, or economic problems
The main idea of documents like the Declaration of Independence
People are born with natural rights