Age of Revolutions
The lowest social class of France before the French Revolution
Third Estate
Invention that made the production of steel cheaper and more efficient.
Bessemer Process
Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire
The last czar of Russia; he and his family were brutally murdered by Bolshevik extremists.
Czar Nicholas II
The treaty that ended World War One; forced the Ottoman Empire to disband, and gave land and reparations to Allied nations.
The Treaty of Versailles
Philosophers like Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau developed and debated the idea of this agreement between a people and their government.
Social Contract
Nation that became a leader in the manufacture of chemicals, electrical goods, and weapons during the Industrial Revolution.
Germany
Name one of the major cause of World War One (think M.A.I.N)
Militarism
Alliance System
Imperialism/Isolationism
Nationalism
His assassination led to the beginning of World War One
Franz Ferdinand
Meeting of imperial nations meeting together to divide the African continent into colonies.
Berlin Conference
A revolution in this country led to the founding of the first black republic in modern history.
Haiti
Known as a form of scientific racism; natural selection meant that there are superior races (White Europeans) and inferior races (non-white people)
Social Darwinism
Network of defensive ___________ used to protect soldiers from machine gun fire and force enemy soldiers to pass through a "no man's land"
trenches
Leader of the Haitian Revolution; died in a French jail
Touissant L'Ouverture
Genocide caused by the Ottoman Turks during World War One led to the forced deportation and starvation of millions. Turkey still denies this genocide today.
Armenian Genocide
This law upheld the equality of all citizens in France following the French Revolution.
Napoleonic Code
Explain why industrialization encouraged imperialism.
European powers needed larger markets to sell their manufactured goods and access to more resources in underdeveloped colonies.
Describe why the United States remained neutral for the first three years of WWI.
-American companies sold weapons to both sides
-Saw war as a European problem
-Cultural ties to German -American population
Came to power at end of French Revolution, conquered Spain and major parts of Europe before being exiled in 1815.
Napoleon Bonaparte
Turning point of the American Revolution; led French to become first ally to American rebels
Battle of Saratoga
Explain a similarity and a difference between the French and American Revolutions.
Similar: State crisis, increased taxes cause from war debt
Different: Dissident elites, Mass frustration from colonists and from French people because of a king
Describe two reasons why nations used imperialist tactics.
To produce: the need for natural resources
To sell: Sell products to foreign markets like colonies
To civilize: Spread Christian beliefs/Social Darwinism
Describe how Germany was punished in the aftermath of WWI (two examples).
-Pay reparations to Allies
-Give up majority of army
-Give of industrial territory of Germany (Rhineland)
-accept full responsibility for the war
An extremist politician whose influence in the Convention led to the Reign of Terror. He was guillotined in 1794.
Maximillian Robespierre
This moment was sparked by Vladimir Lenin and his Bolsheviks disbanding the government to create a communist state in 1917.
Russian Civil War