Geography of Egypt
What river was essential to Egyptian civilization?
The Nile River
During what period were the Great Pyramids built?
Old Kingdom
Who was the earliest well-known female ruler of Egypt?
Hatshepsut
What writing system did Egyptians use?
Hieroglyphs
Who ruled the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms?
Dynasties of pharaohs
What predictable natural event allowed agriculture to thrive?
The Nile’s annual flooding with fertile silt
What massive tombs did pharaohs build to house their bodies?
Pyramids
What group of people were invaluable due to their recording information during this time?
The scribes
What material made from reeds was used for writing?
Papyrus
Who was blamed for disasters like famine and floods?
The pharaohs
What two regions made up Egypt’s heartland?
Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt
Who started to take over the pharaohs' power during this time?
The nomarchs
What social class group or groups gained more power during this time? (Name at least 1)
The middle class - skilled artisans, scribes, soldiers, and merchants.
What skill did Egyptians develop through mummification?
Medicine
What was the role of a vizier?
The pharaoh’s chief official, managing government and daily affairs
What physical feature formed a natural barrier against invasion and provided stone and gold?
The desert
What foreign group ruled Lower Egypt during the Middle Kingdom?
The Hyksos
What was the new primary "capital" during this time?
What discovery in 1799 helped scholars decode hieroglyphs?
The Rosetta Stone
Which group held the least power in Egyptian society?
Unskilled workers and enslaved people
What aspect of the Nile made it dangerous?
The cataracts
What new weapons did the Hyksos bring to Egypt?
Horse-drawn chariots, new bows, curved swords, and armor
Who was the last pharaoh before Egypt fell to Rome?
Cleopatra VII
What branch of science led Egyptians to create a 365-day calendar?
Astronomy
Name one additional pharaoh who is very well known for their time leading ancient egpyt.
Tutankhamun (King Tut) or Ramses II