The Enlightenment
What body in England competed with the monarchy for authority? What special privilege did that body hold over the monarchy? What English king was beheaded during the English Civil War? Who was the leader of the Roundheads, the parliamentary forces?
Parliament. Right to grant or deny a king’s request for more taxes. Charles I, Oliver Cromwell
What is meant by “unalienable rights,” and why must they come from a Creator rather than government?
Given by God that the government cannot give or take away, but is to protect.
The Constitution of the United States is the Supreme law of the land. What was the date the final draft of the Constitution was signed?
September 17, 1787.
What motivated European revolts (France, Belgium, Italy, German states) during the 1830’s and 1848?
Revolts were driven by suppression of freedoms (France) and rising nationalism (Belgium, Italy, German states) seeking independence or unity.
What two related causes did William Wilberforce fight for in Parliament?
Abolition of slave trade and abolition of slavery in the British Empire.
Why did modern science emerge in Christian Europe rather than in other advanced civilizations?
Because Christianity taught that the universe is orderly, understandable, and worth studying
What happened on July 4th 1776? What was the official date for the start of the American Revolution?
April 19, 1775.
The Declaration of Independence was ratified which separated them from England.
What was the Old Regime? List the three estates in France, who made up each estate?
Political and social order before French Revolution. First: clergy. Second: nobility. Third: middle and lower class
One of the most popular motto’s of the French Revolution and what became and still is the motto of France is “Liberty, Equality and Fraternity.” Why did the phrase "Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity” become an empty promise to the average French citizen during the Revolution?
Many of those suspected of opposing the revolution were peasants who often suffered the most.
List and briefly explain Marxist socialism
Marxism: taught that class struggle would lead to a worker revolution and a classless society
Briefly define metaphysics?
Study of the principles and causes of all that exists, especially being, mind, and God beyond the material world.
What was the Great Awakening, when did it occur, and why was it important for colonial unity and America’s founding?
was a colonial religious revival. 1730s - 1740s or 1730s to 1770. It strengthened biblical faith and moral self-government. Colonies united around shared values, which influenced thoughts on liberty.
What does the Powder Alarm reveal about why colonists were willing to mobilize quickly against British actions — did they act out of fear, principle, or both?
colonists mobilized because they witnessed repeated instances of their rights being violated.
How did the colonial revolts influence Latin America?
created new countries, but many became unstable under military rulers, and their struggles for stable democracy lasted into the 20th century.
Why did European states form alliances? Trace the events that led to World War I.
They feared other nations, wanted protection, and tried to keep other countries from becoming too powerful. Extreme nationalism, militarism, imperialism, and rival alliances built tension; the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Austria’s ultimatum sparked the war.
How did the Enlightenment change what people believed was the highest authority, and how did that shift affect knowledge, progress, and education?
It elevated human reason above God’s Word and tradition as the highest authority. redefining knowledge to focus more on method than meaning, power over virtue, skills over wisdom, and ultimately weakening sound reasoning.
Prior to the French and Indian War, what three factors increased the danger of the French threat to the thirteen colonies?
French alliances with Indians increased Indian threat for the American frontier, ill-defined border was open to French attack, the colonies failed to present a united front
What were the three important points of the Monroe Doctrine?
The United States would remain neutral in European conflicts unless its rights were seriously violated. The U.S. would not interfere with existing European colonies. Europe must not establish new colonies or interfere in the Americas.
BIEQ: If the people (or nation) are the ultimate source of political authority, how can societies prevent human nature from corrupting that power?
Societies limit the abuse of power by creating systems that restrain human sinfulness, such as just laws, separated powers, and protection of individual rights.
Explain the cause of the Opium Wars. What long term advantage did France and Great Britain extract from China following these wars?
Britain sold opium to fix its trade imbalance, China tried to stop it, and Britain and France used military force to win trade rights, ports, and influence through unequal treaties.
If knowledge is limited to experience, what happens to theology and metaphysics? Why did Kant believe he had to limit knowledge to protect belief in God and morality?
They are no longer treated as real knowledge but as personal beliefs or opinions, since God, morality, and purpose cannot be observed or tested by the senses.
Kant believed reason failed when it tried to prove God and morality, so he limited knowledge to the physical world to keep belief from being destroyed by skepticism.
In his 1750 sermon, how did Jonathan Mayhew define the purpose of government
He argued that the government exists for the common good and the protection of liberty under God’s law.
BIEQ - Why was Washington’s assurance to the Jewish community that they would “sit in safety under his own vine and fig tree” historically significant, and what does it reveal about the Founders’ link between religious freedom and social peace?
Though Jews endured persecution throughout European history, it affirmed their equal treatment as citizens and showed that the Founders saw religious liberty as essential to peace and stability.
According to the author, why did the American Revolution lead to a relatively free and stable society while the French Revolution led to violence and dictatorship?
The American Revolution preserved existing liberties, respected property rights and believed Christian faith was essential to teach, while the French Revolution rejected biblical morality and descended into murder and dictatorship.
How does the article interpret the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the working class?
Despite harsh conditions, industrial work improved on pre-industrial hardship and gradually raised living standards through higher wages and cheaper goods.