RELIGIONS OF THE WORLD
What is monotheism vs polytheism? Explain the main difference between the two.
Mono: The belief in one God
Poly: The belief in multiple Gods
What is the holy book of Islam?
Qur’an
Who worked the land and made up the lowest social class in feudal society?
Serfs (peasants)
What was the major trade route connecting China to Europe?
Silk Road trade.
Who started the Protestant Reformation by posting the 95 Theses in 1517 and why was he so upset with the Catholic Church?
Martin Luther/ The sale of indulgences and corruption in the Catholic Church
Which Enlightenment thinker believed people are born with natural rights to life, liberty, and property?
John Locke
A navigational tool that measured the stars to find latitude. It can help determine distance traveled and was believed to have been invented by Arab traders
astrolabe
Which religion uses the Torah as its holy text and is the oldest of the 3 Abrahamic Religions?
Judaism
Who was the founder of Islam and most important/revered prophet in the religions?
-Most popular name for a boy in the world.
Muhammad or Mohammed
Who was the most powerful religious leader in medieval Europe?
The Pope (Catholic Church)
Which Mongol leader united tribes and created the largest land empire in history?
Genghis Khan
How did the Gutenberg Printing Press contribute to both the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation?
It allowed ideas, books, and criticisms of the Church to spread quickly across Europe
Which thinker argued that government power should be divided into three branches to prevent abuse of power?
Baron de Montesquieu
Which explorer completed the first circumnavigation of the globe, proving the world was round and connected by oceans?
Ferdinand Magellan (though he died during the voyage; his crew completed it)
Which belief system, founded by Siddhartha Gautama, teaches the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path?
Buddhism
Where do Muslims travel during the Hajj, and why is this location important?
Mecca; it is Islam’s holiest city and the birthplace of Muhammad
What did peasants receive in return for working the lord’s land?
Protection and a place to live
How did the Crusades increase trade in Europe?
Europeans were exposed to new goods from the Middle East and increased demand for trade
How did the Scientific Revolution challenge traditional authority and lead to new ways of thinking about the natural world?
It relied on observation, experimentation, and reason instead of relying solely on Church teachings or ancient authorities
What Enlightenment idea states that governments exist to protect people’s rights? (Hobbes & Rousseau)
Social Contract
__________________were the motivations/goals that pushed the Spanish Empire to explore/settle in the New World.
God, Gold, and Glory (3 G's)
Which religions originated in the Middle East and share Jerusalem as a holy city?
Hint: All of these religions trace their origins through Abraham.
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
What is almsgiving and how is it similar to tithing?
Giving to the poor; both are forms of religious charity. Tithing=Christian practice.
How did the Black Death weaken the feudal system in Europe?
The Black Death killed a large portion of the population, causing labor shortages. This allowed peasants and serfs to demand higher wages and better working conditions, reducing the power of lords and weakening the traditional feudal hierarchy.
What new social class grew as a result of trade and urbanization?
The Middle Class
What philosophy emphasized human potential, education, and returning to the ideas of Ancient Greece and Rome?
Humanism
What were the Three Estates in pre-revolutionary France?
First Estate: clergy; Second Estate: nobility; Third Estate: commoners (peasants, bourgeoisie, workers)
In the Americas, Spain, England, and France developed very different colonial systems when it came to politics and social structures. Describe what made them different.
Spain built a strict racial caste system, England relied on self-governing assemblies/democracy, and France formed cooperative trading partnerships with Native peoples with no real centralized government. Together, these differences reflect how Europeans organized power and society in their colonies.
Which belief system teaches living in harmony with the (the Way) and values balance and nature? What is the name of the founder?
Daoism; Laozi
What caused the split between Sunni and Shiite Muslims, and how do they differ?
Disagreement over Muhammad’s successor; Sunnis supported elected leaders, Shiites believed leaders must be Muhammad’s descendants
How did the Catholic Church influence feudalism, and what factors eventually reduced its control over European society?
The Church reinforced feudalism by collecting tithes, legitimizing rulers, and controlling education and morals. Its influence declined due to events like the Black Death, corruption scandals, and challenges from reform movements, which shifted power toward secular rulers and local authorities.
Identify TWO long-term economic effects of the Black Death on Europe.
Labor shortages increased wages; feudalism weakened; inflation increased; peasants gained mobility
What does the term “Renaissance man” mean?
A person who is skilled in many areas, including art, science, literature, and other fields; someone with wide-ranging knowledge and talents
What was the Reign of Terror, and how did it affect French society?
A period of mass executions of perceived enemies of the Revolution; it created fear and centralized revolutionary power
Explain how the Columbian Exchange and the Triangle of Trade were interconnected parts of the same global system.
The Columbian Exchange created new crops and demand, which led to plantations, which created demand for slave labor, which fueled the Triangle of Trade, which then expanded global trade networks even further.