Scientific Revolution
This economic system dominated Europe before the Scientific Revolution. It was extremely hierarchical. In short, the king provided land to nobles in exchange for protection and fealty, who divided that land among knights in exchange for protection and fealty, who had servants work the land in exchange for protection.
What is feudalism?
The Renaissance was started in this country, funded by wealthy patrons like the Medici family.
What is Italy?
The New World was divided between Portugal (which got parts of modern Brazil), and this nation (which got claim to the rest of the New World) in the Treaty of Tordesillas.
What is Spain?
He proposed the idea of "God-given rights" such as "life, liberty, and property," and his ideas majorly influenced the US Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.
Who is John Locke?
This estate made up 98% of the French population, but they lacked land ownership and political representation while paying all of the country's taxes.
What is the Third Estate?
Copernicus noted that the sun - NOT the Earth - is the center of the solar system, an astronomical model called this.
What is heliocentrism?
This is the number of theses posted by Martin Luther on the door of the church.
What is 95?
This explorer conquered the Aztecs in Tenochtitlan.
Who was Hernan Cortes?
He stated that people were naturally good, and that they were thus "born free, and everywhere are in chains" because governments served the main role of creating inequality and strife.
Who was Rousseau?
Robespierre eventually created the Comittee of Public Safety to act as a secret police that would arrest and execute 27000 people from 1793-1794 for voicing opposition to the new government in an era known as this.
What is the Reign of Terror?
The Scientific Revolution brought about new maritime technologies like the astrolabe, making exploration by sea easier, and directly contributing to the accidental discovery of the New World by this Italian explorer (sailing for Spain).
Who is Columbus?
During the Renaissance, artists practiced new techniques that highlighted humanism (an emphasis on caring for common human needs) and this philosophy, which emphasized a non-religious ideology.
What is secularism?
This is the term for an exchange of crops, people, and ideas between the Old World and the New World after 1492. Notably, it increased European life expectancy through the introduction of new crops, while populations in the New World were greatly reduced due to smallpox and coercive labor systems.
What is the Columbian Exchange?
This idea by Montesquieu proposes that government be broke into three branches so that no one branch can consolidate too much power.
What is the separation of powers?
After the National Assembly was formed, this prison/armory was raided by the people and then dismantled brick by brick, symbolizing the end of the oppressive reign of the Estates system and Louis XVI.
What is the Bastille?
He invented the printing press. During the Reformation, Martin Luther would translate the Bible, and mass produce it with the printing press, for the first time giving people an individual relationship with God.
Who is Gutenberg?
One of Martin Luther's main gripes with the Catholic church was the selling of these, which were forgivenesses for sins.
What are indulgences?
This labor system was much like the feudal system in that the king granted nobles land and indigenous slaves in exchange for a tribute. The brutal treatment of indigenous slaves during this time led to the rise of a race-based justification of inhumane treatment.
What was the Encomienda system?
This was the religious belief of Voltaire, that posited that a God had created the universe but played no active role in the affairs of men.
What is deism?
When the king ordered the doors locked to prevent the meeting of the National Assembly, they gathered on a tennis (handball) court and swore to not disband until France had a new Constitution in an oath known as this.
What is the Tennis Court Oath?
This thinker is credited with developing an explanation of inductive reasoning during the Scientific Revolution, and his writing had a major impact on the modern scientific method.
Who is Bacon?
This book by Thomas Moore challenged the English monarchy's approach to governance, noting the societal harms brought about by inequality, and it suggested ideas for a "perfect world."
What is Utopia?
This man took the stance during the Valladolid Debates that indigenous Americans deserve protection of the laws and more humane treatment.
Who is Bartolome de las Casas?
She disagreed with Rousseau's sexist idea that "woman is made to please and be subjected by man.” She responded with one of the early pushes for guaranteed education and equal rights.
Who is Wollstonecraft?
He declared himself emperor of France in 1804, but his overextension of France's military and loss to foreign militaries would lead to his exile (twice).
Who is Napoleon Bonaparte?