19) Industrial Revolution
Where and when industrialization first occurred.
What is Britain (England) around the mid to late 1700's?
New manufacturing processes allowed for this metal to supplant iron as the basic building material of the Second Industrial Revolution.
What is Steel?
This meeting of imperial powers in 1885 was called to avoid aggression among colonizing powers during the "Scramble for Africa".
What is the Berlin Conference?
Increasingly desperate to trade for luxury goods from Qing China, especially tea, British merchants resorted to smuggling this commodity to China, and used the profits to purchase the goods they desired from the port at Canton.
What is Opium?
This American foreign policy of the 19th century declared the Americas to be within the sphere of influence of the United States, and sought to discourage European imperial powers from reasserting control over recently independent Latin American nations.
What is the Monroe Doctrine?
These two concepts were fundamentally new with Industrialization, and were at the heart of the industrial process.
This term applies to the ability of all free male citizens to vote within their nation.
What is Universal Male Suffrage?
This type of imperial rule retained native elites in a position of public power to handle day to day activities, thus often making imperial administration cheaper and easier.
What is Indirect Rule?
With the defeat of the Qing in the First Opium War with Britain, the Treaty of Nanjing (1842) was the first of these what would often be signed between weaker states and the increasingly influential imperial states of the West.
What are Unequal Treaties?
This movement sought the creation of a homeland (independent nation) for the Jewish people.
What is Zionism?
At the dawn of the Industrial Age in England, the earliest factories were located along these.
What are Rivers?
This man was the leading conservative voice at the Congress of Vienna, he sought to re-institute monarchical rule of most of Europe following the disruption of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars.
Who is Klemens von Metternich?
This southeast Asian nation was the only one in the region to escape imperial conquest. Situated between British India and French Indochina, it served as a buffer between the competing imperial powers, while managing to adopt some modern reforms.
What is Siam? (modern Thailand)
After being forced to open to the outside world by the United States in 1854, and subsequently signing a number of unequal treaties with the imperial powers, this rebellion against the Shogun sought to restore Japanese honor and prosperity.
What is the Meiji Restoration?
This elite group of wealthy administrators in colonial Latin America were exclusively from the Iberian Peninsula, and were widely reviled by all parts of Latin American society.
Who were the Peninsulares?
This was the name of the new industrial class that encompassed supervisors and factory managers.
What is the Industrial Middle Class?
This nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte was elected first president of France in 1848, and later was "elected" as the first emperor of the Second French Empire.
Who is Louis-Napoleon? (Napoleon III)
The Sepoy Mutiny was partly spurred by rumors spreading through the ranks of new munitions being greased with animal fat, thus offending these two major religions followed by the majority of employed Sepoy soldiers.
What are Islam and Hinduism?
This effort at reform by the Qing government in 1898 recognized the the earlier "Self-Strengthening Movement" had not gone far enough to modernize the Chinese economic and social systems, but these more radical efforts at reform were quickly reversed after a coup d'etat by the Empress Dowager Cixi.
What are the Hundred Days' Reforms?
Following the failure of the Sepoy Mutiny, this group would eventually emerge as the leading force in the movement toward Indian independence from British rule.
What is the Indian National Congress?
This term is used to describe the countries/region of Europe that had industrialized by the late 19th century.
What is the Industrial Core of Europe? (Britain, France, the Low Countries, Scandinavia, Germany, and parts of Austria and Italy)
As the majority of Latin America revolted from imperial rule during the second half of the 19th century, oppressive dictators who utilized military force to maintain their power, and were termed these, became increasingly common throughout the region.
What are Caudillos?
This legal term was an important part of many of the "unequal" treaties of the imperial period, which sought in particular to increase political and economic influence within the defeated lands by granting additional privileges to imperial officials and merchants that would normally not have been legal within those same lands.
What is Extraterritoriality?
When this young boy ascended to the throne as a child, he would eventually be not just the last Emperor of the Qing Dynasty, but would be the final ruler after thousands of years of imperial Chinese tradition.
Who is Emperor Pu-yi? ("Henry" Puyi, or the Xuantong Emperor)