Causes of WWI
This 1917 intercepted message proposed a German-Mexican alliance against the United States.
What is the Zimmermann Telegram?
This U.S. president asked Congress to declare war in April 1917 to make the world “safe for democracy.”
Who is Woodrow Wilson?
The 1918 global pandemic killed more people worldwide than the war itself.
What is the influenza pandemic?
This 1919 treaty formally ended World War I and imposed harsh penalties on Germany.
What is the Treaty of Versailles?
In The Collapse of American Strategy, Bourne argues that U.S. entry into WWI represented the failure of this movement.
What is American Progressivism?
The assassination of this Austrian archduke sparked World War I in 1914.
Who is Archduke Franz Ferdinand?
This 1917 law required American men to register for the draft.
What is the Selective Service Act?
This 1919 wave of racial violence erupted in cities across the United States after the war.
What is the Red Summer?
Wilson proposed these principles for a just peace settlement after the war.
What are the Fourteen Points?
Bourne believed intellectuals failed because they aligned themselves too closely with this powerful institution.
What is the state?
These three European empires collapsed by the end of World War I.
What are the German, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman Empires?
This government agency spread pro-war propaganda to mobilize public opinion.
What is the Committee on Public Information?
Many African American soldiers were assigned to these roles rather than combat positions.
What are labor or support units?
This international organization aimed to prevent future wars, but was never joined by the United States.
What is the League of Nations?
Wilson claimed the war would spread this political system worldwide, which Bourne believed was contradicted by domestic repression.
What is democracy?
This warfare tactic, used by Germany, targeted Allied shipping and helped push the U.S. toward war.
What is unrestricted submarine warfare?
These two laws limited free speech and punished critics of the war effort.
What are the Espionage Act and the Sedition Act?
Bourne argued that American Progressives abandoned their reform ideals in favor of this wartime sentiment.
What is nationalism?
This senator led opposition to the League of Nations in the U.S. Senate.
Who is Henry Cabot Lodge?
Bourne argued that war demands this quality from citizens, often at the expense of dissent.
What is conformity or loyalty?
This long-standing U.S. foreign policy tradition discouraged involvement in European conflicts before 1917.
What is isolationism?
According to Bourne, war transforms citizens into this, subordinating individual liberty to national loyalty.
What are instruments of the state?
This postwar panic targeted suspected radicals and immigrants and reflected fears of communism.
What is the First Red Scare?
After the war, Britain and France divided this region into mandates, ignoring many local independence movements.
What is the Middle East?
For Bourne, the “collapse” refers to the abandonment of America’s earlier strategy of this foreign policy stance.
What is neutrality or independence from European entanglements?