Comparisons
Visual and spread out across space
What is reading?
Specifies that skilled readers employ both a direct-access route and an indirect-access route
What is the dual-route approach to reading?
Argues that readers can directly connect the written word-as an entired unit-with the meaning that this word represents.
What is the whole-word approach?
Auditory and spread out across time
What is speech?
When you recognize a word directly through vision without "sounding out" the words.
What is the direct-access route?
States that readers recognize words by trying to pronounce the individual letters in the word.
What is the phonics approach?
Can control the rate of imput while listeners cannot.
What are readers?
As soon as you see a word, you translate the ink marks on the page into some form of sound, before you can access a word and its meaning.
Indirect-access route
Reading intruction should emphasize meaning, and it should be enjoyable, to increase children's enthusiasm about learning to read.
What is the whole-language approach?
Usually encounter standardized, error-free input
What are readers?
Children with high _______ _______ have superior reading skills.
What is phonological awareness?
Children should read interesting stories and experiment with writing before they are expert ______
What are spellers?
Often need to cope with variablity, grammatical errors, sloppy pronunciation, and interfering stimuli.
What are listeners?
People's ______ _______ can determine whether they use indirect or direct access.
What is reading skills?
English is an _____ ______ because of the numerous irregular pronunciations for English words.
What is "outlier language"?