WS Year in Review Part 1

Reformation & Scientific Revolution

100

The man who posted 95 theses challenging the Catholic Church and started the Reformation

Martin Luther

200

The man credited with discovering gravity, and developing calculus to mathematically calculate his understanding of the cosmos

Sir Isaac Newton

300

The man who discovered the four moons of Jupiter, was one credited with developing the telescope, and was put on trial for "heresy"

Galileo

400

The belief that God created the world, but then let it go to function on its own, held by many intellectuals during the Scientific Revolution

Deism

500

The person who is credited with laying out the scientific method of study, which would be used to analyze nature and draw conclusions during the Scientific Revolution

Sir Francis Bacon

600

The man who developed the original heliocentric theory in 1543

Nicolas Copernicus

700

This country, at one point ruled by an Enlightened Absolutist, Joseph II, was a power in Europe during the 1700s and the PRECURSOR to what would later become Germany. 

Prussia

800

This scientist is credited with developing our modern understanding of the circulatory and nervous systems as result of his dissection of human cadavers

Andreas Vesalius

Enlightenment

100

Helped organize the Encyclopedia

Denis Diderot

200

During the Age of Absolutism, some royalty attempted to legally create protections for their citizens as they were inspired by Enlightenment ideas. One particular royal, Louis XIV, was NOT what would be considered an Enlightened Absolutist. He very much wanted to reflect his power, and created what famous palace near the capital of France?

Palace of Versailles

300

Known for his ideas on proper justice for individuals, including being against the death penalty, pushing against cruel and unusual punishment, and supporting the overall idea of due process of law

Cesare Beccaria

400

This economist and philosopher challenged the economic system of his time (mercantilism under monarchies) by proposing an economic system where individuals would be free to own the fruits of their own labor, investing their own money and controlling their own businesses and economic affairs, free of government interference

Adam Smith

500

This philosopher proposed the idea that there is a relationship between government & people, with people honoring government as long as government protects the people, as well as their rights (also known as the Social Contract)

Jean Jacques Rousseau

600

Known as a key French philosopher, the unique idea of his that we focused on was his notion of religious toleration, in which governments would tolerate all religious views, instead of enforcing one in particular

Voltaire

700

Name the 3 natural rights of John Locke

Life, Liberty, Property

800

What Enlightened Absolutist was the Empress of Russia, and trialed a few minor Enlightenment policies in her country (she was influenced heavily by Diderot)

Catherine the Great

American Revolution

100

This philosopher's concept of natural rights... influenced Thomas Jefferson's ideas behind the Declaration of Independence

John Locke

200

“That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.”

A. Natural Rights

B. Social Contract

Social Contract

300

This philosopher is arguably a key influence behind the design of the Constitution and its 3 branch, separation of powers, structure

Montesquieu

400

Which political group, led by Thomas Jefferson, wouldn't accept the new Constitution without the promise of a Bill of Rights to protect the individual rights of citizens agains future government action?

Anti-Federalists

500

The name for the system in which certain limited powers are granted to the national government, and other than what is explicitly stated, everything else is left to the states

Federalism

600

Name for the group that organized many of the protests in Boston in the years leading up to the American Revolution

Sons of Liberty

700

Name at least 3 of the freedoms protected by the FIRST AMENDMENT to the Constitution in the Bill of Rights

speech, religion, press, assembly, petition

800

Name at least two powers enumerated (directly given) to the national government in the Constitution

Ex. maintain military, declare war, postal system, weights & measures, copyrights & patents

French Revolution

100

Name for the locations where philosophers would discuss and debate new ideas, often out of the public eye

Salons

200

Following the tumultuous (up and down) years of 1789-1799, this individual rose to become dictator of France by the year 1800. He would lead France to a conquest of Europe, bringing many of the Enlightenment ideals to other European populations, but would ultimately be defeated by 1815 following the Battle of Waterloo

Napoleon Bonaparte

300

Following increased tension between royal troops and furious crowds of Parisian citizens, the people of Paris stormed this prison on July 14, 1789, spurring the violent actions that would eventually see the overthrow of the French King Louis XVI

Bastille

400

Name for the Influential political figure selected to the Committee of Public Safety, and promoter of the “Revolutionary Tribunal” that would choose to execute over 14000 people who stood "against the revolution" (Known as the architect as the Reign of Terror)

Maximilien Robespierre

500

Name for the political faction that represented the  extremist radicals in the French National Assembly, mostly workers (lower class) but led by a few middle class and wealthy extremists. This group would push for King Louis' execution in 1792, and takeover government during the Reign of Terror. 

Montagnards

600

The name for the meeting in 1789 where King Louis XVI called for a meeting of representatives from all three estates in order to discuss approaches to solving France's financial crisis

Estates General

700

This journalist promoted radical defense of the new French Republic and condemned those who stood against the "progress" being made by the new French government. He was killed in his bathtub in early 1793 by Charlotte Corday who believed he was causing too much violence in the streets of Paris. 

Jean Paul Marat

800

The fall of Napoleon occurred do to two major mistakes between 1810 and 1814. Name one of them. 

The two include:

1. Continental System - Prevented British ships from trading with French controlled territories, but hurt the trade in that region

2. Invasion of Russia - Of the 600,000 troops who went, 500,000 were lost

Nationalism & Industrial Revolution

100

The country where the Industrial Revolution began in the late 1700s and early 1800s

Great Britain/England/United Kingdom

200

Name for the pre-industrial system of production in which all goods were produced at home or in small workshops

Domestic System

300

Creator of the first factory, and therefore, father of the Industrial Revolution

Richard Arkwright

400

The Industrial Revolution began as a result of machines being built to help with this specific industry (what product)

textiles

500

a wealthy person who uses money to invest in trade and industry for profit

capitalist

600

a person who organizes and operates a business or businesses, taking on greater than normal financial risks in order to do so

entrepreneur

700

Name two technological improvements to transportation or communication that occurred in the early Industrial Revolution

Communication - Telegraph

Transportation - Railroad, Steamboat, Macadamized Roads

800

In the 1800s, nationalism swept across Europe, leading people of various nations to seek unity under common governments representing their ethnic/people group. Two countries that were formerly broken into several states unified to form countries in this wave of nationalism. Name the two. 

Germany & Italy

Age of Imperialism

100

The two continents in which Europeans took territory during the Age of Imperialism

Africa & Asia

200

The name for the policy in which European powers shared trade with China while dominating the coastal regions, taking advantage of the weak Qing Dynasty of the country

Open Door Policy

300

The English man who dominated South Africa, both economically and politically at different points, who promoted the idea that the more of the world inhabited by the Anglo-Saxon race, the better

Cecil Rhodes

400

The African territory claimed by Belgium, where King Leopold II organized a system of abuse to gain wealth from rubber and other resources, while making other European nations believe he was investing in helping the people of the region

Congo

500

Name of the conference in which European nations essentially carved up Africa and set the rules for colonization of the continent

Berlin Conference

600

Which densely populated Asian country was directly and indirectly controlled by Great Britain for a 200 year period during the Age of Imperialism?

India

700

What was the name of the falls where you can find the famous "Devil's Pool" (Hint: This is the European name given to these falls)

Victoria Falls

800

The American man hired by Belgium to explore the interior of the African continent, and claim much of the land for the European country

Henry Morton Stanley