Africa/Ottoman Empire
Because of the way that other Europeans viewed its nineteenth-century political, military, and economic decline, the Ottoman Empire was called the "_______________________________."
"Sick Man of Europe"
Steady escalation in spending on weapons prior to WWI is one example of ____________, a long-term cause of the war. Another example of this is the popularity of war games played by children and spy novels that fantasized about wars.
Militarism
Unrest in this region, particularly organizing of terrorist attacks by nationalist and anarchist group the Black Hand, directly caused WWI.
The Balkans (Bosnia/Serbia)
The war on the Western front quickly became characterized by ________ warfare where both sides found themselves unable to cross "no man's land" in order to advance their armies.
trench
___________ entered WWI because they wanted German colonies in Asia and the Pacific. They issued the "___________________," which was a threat to the sovereignty of China, but were rebuked by Great Britain when this was leaked. (2 blanks)
Japan; Twenty-One Demands
The __________ ended WWI on the Eastern front through a controversial "separate peace" in earlier 1918, with the Soviet Union ceding a large amount of its Russian territory to Germany. This, along with the October Revolution of 1917 itself, was an instance of the Bolshevik's anti-war and anti-______________ policy that made them more popular with war-weary Russians who felt the war was waged for the benefit of a few wealthy interests.
Treaty of Brest Litovsk; imperialist
Stalin's attacks on his own people, which included sending political opponents to gulags and killing or starving others, especially Ukrainians and Jews, between the Great War (WWI) and WWII, are known to historians as ______________________.
The Great Purge
On October 29, 1929, economic devastation resulted from the collapse of the United States stock market. This day is known as "_______________."
Black Tuesday
The leading figure in the earliest phase of the Republic of China was a ____________________ whose goals included an elected government but also a more fair economy.
Dr. Sun Yat-sen
In the 1850s, this war was initially one of aggression by Russia against the Ottoman Empire, but it threatened the balance of power in Europe. Therefore, the United Kingdom and France joined the Ottoman Empire to defeat Russia. What was this war called?
The Crimean War
In this event that sparked WWI, who did the anarchist and Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip assassinate?
Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian Throne
This weapon proved particularly deadly, killing more people than any other WWI weapon except artillery shells, and it was also largely a defensive weapon that made trench warfare a necessity.
machine gun
The sinking of the passenger liner, the __________, in 1915 was an important instance of Germany's unrestricted U-boat warfare, which helped bring the _______________ into WWI against Germany by 1917. One of the key reasons President Wilson viewed the war as necessary was to protect American commercial interests, including shipping interests. (2 different blanks)
Lusitania; United States
President Woodrow Wilson's anti-imperialist concept of ________________ was emphasized in his "Fourteen Points," but the former central powers' colonies right to govern themselves was betrayed in the post-WWI Mandate System.
self-determination
In the aftermath of WWI and the Russian Civil War, Lenin implemented his __________________, which allowed some local forms of capitalist activity in order to allow the economy to recover.
New Economic Policy (1921)
Although many nations sought to protect their own industries with policies of economic nationalism such as high tariffs during the Great Depression, the major nation that was already the most insulated or protected from the contagion of the depression was the newly formed nation of ___________________.
The Soviet Union
The ___________________ of 1931 was blamed on the Chinese, although Japan attacked their own railroad in Manchuria as an excuse to go to war against China.
Mukden Incident
The _______________ was a ruthless war between rival European imperialists, the Dutch-descended Afrikaners and the British in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This war included the first use of ________________ against a civilian population by a major European power, while it also victimized countless African peoples caught between these rivals in Southern Africa. (2 different blanks)
Boer War; concentration camps
In the decades prior to WWI, rivals England and Germany competed over colonial disputes, industrial technology and trade policy, and military supremacy, the latter particularly in this area of military.
Navy
After Germany declared war on Russia and then invaded the neutral territory of Belgium, allies of the Russians, France and Britain, joined with them in an alliance against Germany called the ___________.
Triple Entente
Germany's advanced chemicals industry led them to innovate in the production of poison _________ throughout the war, while Britain was the first nation to unveil the ___________ in 1916 in the battle of the Somme. (2 different blanks)
gas; tank
The 1915-1916 Battle of ____________ featured a surprising victory by the Ottoman Empire against Britain in part due to its better knowledge of its own geography. In direct retaliation for this, the British in 1916 helped to launch the ______________, a nationalist movement in the Middle East that opposed Ottoman rule. (2 different blanks)
Gallipoli; Arab Revolt
Aside from harshly punishing Germans with financial reparations and guilt clauses for WWI, the peace negotiations that led to the Treaty of Versailles were also flawed in that former ally _____________ was refused a role at the conference. Likewise, the League of Nations proved to be ineffective in part because the same former ally was not a member along with the surprising absence of another leading nation, __________________, due to domestic political opposition to foreign entanglements. (2 different nations)
Russia (by then, the Soviet Union); the United States
The Russian Civil War that broke out after the October Revolution featured conservative, republican, and czarist forces backed by imperialists--collectively called _____________ -- against the ultimately victorious Bolshevik side led by communists Lenin and Trotsky--also known in the bloody Civil War as the _________________. The Bolsheviks won, in part, due to allocating all resources to the effort in a forced process known as _____________________.(3 different blanks)
White Russians; Red Russians; War Communism
Discoveries in physics by Einstein and Heisenberg contributed to a high state of anxiety after WWI in part because these scientific breakthroughs showed that truth and reality are more _______________ than previously believed. Likewise, art such as that made by dadaists emphasized the same ___________ quality in evaluating beauty, while literature such as the "lost generation's" Ernest Hemingway focused in part on death coming to all regardless of their moral goodness. (same word in both blanks)
relative/subjective
The mythical status of _____________________ as a great leader was bolstered by his survival of the ______________________ of 1934-1935 in which only about 1 in 10 communists survived a grueling 6,000 mile journey that was an annihilation campaign against the communists by the nationalists. (2 blanks)
Mao Zedong; Long March
In the nineteenth century, the Ottoman Empire declined due to a variety of factors, including:
Western Imperialism, corruption of the Janissaries, poor Ottoman leadership, and failure to follow through on promised reforms
This plan of attack by Germany may be considered evidence of the long-term cause of militarism prior to WWI, because the strategy to invade and conquer France quickly had been formulated many years prior to the war's start. The second part of the (failed) plan was to defeat France faster than Russia had a chance to mobilize so that Germany could then turn its attention toward Russia.
The Schlieffen Plan
Why did Serbia get involved in WWI?
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia in retaliation for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
The Schlieffen Plan was a plan by _________ to invade _____________ quickly to win a fast victory on the Western front in order to avoid giving ______________ time to mobilize on the Eastern front, but the plan also required an invasion through the neutral nation of ___________. (This is four different blanks)
Germany; France; Russia; Belgium
Colonies of imperial powers became more involved in WWI in part because the Western front had become a ______________, and in part because Europeans required more _______________ to support their depleted militaries, and finally out of necessity because the war was partially fought for more colonial territories. (2 different blanks)
stalemate; people/troops/staff
Along with resumption of Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare and its own trade and financial interests on the ally side, a document called the _________ prompted the entrance of the United States in WWI. The entrance of the US in 1917 prompted Germany to ultimately surrender, because it would have been at a tremendous resource disadvantage from the US industrial power joining the allies while Germany itself had lost much of its trade and military supplies due to a very effective British _____________ of its ports. (2 different blanks)
Zimmerman Letter/Telegram; blockade
Stalin transformed the Soviet economy in two major ways: through forced _____________ of privately-owned farmlands and through his plan to rapidly transform the USSR into an industrial leader, the latter a plan called the _________________. Through great cost in human lives and freedom, Stalin largely succeeded in his socialist goals and his industrialization goals. (2 different blanks)
collectivization; First Five Year Plan
WWI led many people to give up their optimism and a belief in continual progress, a belief which had started centuries earlier in the European _______________ period.
Enlightenment
Chiang Kaishek; Northern Expedition
This conference, which met in 1884-1885 with Otto Von Bismarck hosting at the request of Leopold II, was organized for international cooperation in two goals: designing rules for colonization to minimize imperial conflicts in Africa; and doing so in part with the civilizing mission's excuse of abolishing slavery. Although countries like the United States were invited to add the appearance of non-imperialist legitimacy, no African representatives were invited.
Berlin Conference
This is not technically a pre-war cause itself but rather evidence of a pre-war cause of imperialism. Further evidence of the imperialist motivation for WWI was released by the USSR when it disclosed the ________________, signed in 1916, which betrayed the Arab peoples who had fought the Ottoman Empire in the hopes of enjoying self-determination, since the imperialist powers of ______________ and _______________ had carved up the Middle East for themselves. (3 different blanks)
Sykes-Picot Agreement; Britain; France
Germany, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria joined with Austria-Hungary's side in WWI in part due to their own system of alliances, but this coalition that Germany dominated was most frequently called _________ during the war.
the Central Powers
In September 1914, France stopped Germany's rapid advance (Schlieffen Plan) in a famous battle that also set the tone for the war on the Western Front when both sides turned to digging trenches. This, along with fear-inducing gas attacks and other modern weapons along with the ubiquity of death in "No Man's Land" between the trenches, helped to show that it would not be sweet or proper to die for one's country in World War I. War would not be quick or glorious but terrifying, prolonged, and dreadful.
The Battle of the Marne
_____________ was a successful military leader on the German side whose policy of arming black East African Tanzanians and engaging in guerrilla warfare helped him defeat the British.
Lettow-Vorbeck
At the Peace Conference in Versailles, the French leader _______________ was more adamant in forcing Germans to pay reparations, admit war guilt, and be demilitarized.
Clemenceau
Germany contributed to the Russian Revolution by helping __________ return in a sealed train to Russia after years in exile in Switzerland, fighting against Russia on the ____________ where the death toll was high and undermined Russian support additionally because of major economic problems such as food shortages and high taxes. (2 different blanks).
Vladimir Lenin; Eastern Front
The economic impact of WWI led to a boom and bust for the United States __________________ industry, since demand for US exports led to overproduction during the Great War and contributed to rapidly falling _______________ of these products after the war in the 1920s once Europe was able to produce for itself again.
agriculture; prices
Although Mao Zedong eventually earned popular status among the peasant population in China in the 1930s and 1940s, Chiang Kaishek, the leader of the largest political party in the 1920s, the ______________(KMT), viewed foreign threats from Japan as a skin disease and domestic threats by the ________________ as a disease of the heart. (2 blanks for two different political parties)
Guomindang/Nationalists; Communist Party of China