Leadership Archetypes
This "most kingly" younger son of Darius attempted to overthrow his brother with a secret army of 10,000 Greek mercenaries.
Who is Cyrus?
Xenophon interpreted this accidental physical act during his speech as a lucky omen from "Zeus the Savior".
What is a sneeze?
In Greek, this title of Xenophon's work literally means "The Ascent" or "The Rise".
What is the Anabasis?
Socrates advised Xenophon to consult this religious site before deciding whether to join Cyrus’s expedition.
What is the Oracle at Delphi?
To increase mobility, Xenophon persuaded the soldiers to burn these two bulky items before beginning their retreat.
What are wagons and tents?
A "lover of war" who ruled his soldiers through fear and severity, famously believing they must fear their leader more than the enemy.
Who is Clearchus?
These formal guarantees, sworn by the gods, were the basis for the Greeks' "noble hopes" that the gods would side against the treacherous Persians.
What are oaths?
This independent mountain tribe inflicted more casualties on the Greeks during the retreat than the Persian army did.
Who are the Carduchians?
Socrates’ primary concern was that joining Cyrus would bring accusations against Xenophon from this city-state.
What is Athens?
This severe weather condition in Armenia caused many soldiers to perish from "hunger faintness" and "rotted off" toes.
What is snow/deep snow?
This Athenian joined the expedition neither as a general nor a soldier, but as a "guest-friend" of Proxenus.
Who is Xenophon?
In his dream, Xenophon saw a bolt of lightning fall upon this specific location, causing it to be "all ablaze".
What is his father’s house?
This river served as the border between the land of the Carduchians and Armenia, where the Greeks initially found it "impossible" to cross.
What is the Centrites?
Socrates blamed Xenophon for not asking the Oracle if he should go, but only asking this.
To which gods he should sacrifice (to go safely)?
To protect baggage and non-combatants from cavalry, the Greeks marched in this specific defensive arrangement.
What is a hollow square?
He was the lieutenant general who fled with the barbarian forces immediately after learning Cyrus had fallen in battle.
Who is Ariaeus?
These individuals were consulted to examine the "entrails" of animal victims to see if the gods were propitious toward a military move.
Who are soothsayers?
The first friendly Greek city the army reached on the Black Sea after trekking through the mountains.
What is Trapezus?
In Xenophon’s Recollections, he records that Socrates once called him by this insulting term.
What is a moron?
Because the Persians had a longer range, Xenophon had to quickly recruit these two types of specialized soldiers into a scratch force.
Who are slingers (Rhodians) and horsemen?
This general was criticized for being too soft and "easily manipulated" because he led by praise rather than fear.
Who is Proxenus?
Xenophon’s "strategy of seeming religious" is evidenced by his later dedication of a temple to this goddess in the region of Scillus.
Who is Artemis?
The "Anabasis" of Cyrus took place primarily during these years B.C..
What are 401–399 B.C.?
Xenophon’s independence from Socrates is shown when he joins this Spartan king in Asia for five years after the expedition.
Who is Agesilaus?
This Persian satrap lured the Greek generals to a dinner party where they were "seized" and ultimately beheaded.
Who is Tissaphernes?