Phonetics & Phonology
Coughs, laughter and breath that carry meaning in a conversation.
What are vocal effects?
Reducing the length of a word - probs, bro
What is a shortening?
Joins words, phrases or clauses. There are two types -co-ordinating and subordinating
What is a conjunction?
Actively listening to someone who's speaking - usually short and encouraging
What is back-channelling/minimal responses?
A mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing.
What is euphemism?
Words that sounds like what they mean e.g. boom, crash, whisper
What is onomatopoeia?
Describe position in time, space and attitude - in, at, according to, underneath
What is a preposition?
A sentence that requests or commands. Most often starts with the verb and omits the subject..
What is an imperative?
When interlocutors take, hold and pass the floor to one another, the are...
What is turn-taking?
A derogatory or unpleasant term used instead of a pleasant or neutral one.
What is dysphemism?
Volume, Pitch, Intonation, Stress, Tempo
What are prosodic features?
A morpheme that is inserted into the middle of the stem. In English, only swear-words can do this.
What is an infix?
Simple, compound, complex, compound-complex, fragment
What is a sentence structure?
Cohesion, inference, logical ordering, formatting, consistency and conventions
What is coherence?
Over exaggeration e.g. I'm starving (when just a little hungry)
What is hyperbole?
Repetition of sounds at the start of a word
What is alliteration?
Proper nouns becoming common nouns - google, bandaid, esky
What is commonisation?
A sentence with two or more coordinate independent clauses, joined by a co-ordinating conjunction. 2+ verbs, co-ordinating conjunctions only.
What is a compound sentence?
How a speaker opens, changes and closes topics within their speech. A range of strategies can be used to achieve this.
What is topic management?
Meaning patterns - simile, metaphor, personification, irony, pun, oxymoron, (hyperbole)
What is semantic patterning?
The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in verse or prose e.g. there was MOVEment at the STAtion for the WORD had passed aROUND
What is rhythm?
The habitual juxtaposition of a particular word with another word or words with a frequency greater than chance. E.g. strong tea, not *powerful tea.
What is collocation?
A repetition of grammatical structure e.g. "I came, I saw, I conquered"
What is parallelism?
The practice of alternating between two or more languages or dialects in conversation
What is code-switching?
When words can be interpreted in multiple ways due to homonymy or polysemy e.g. bank - of a river or a financial institution
What is lexical ambiguity?
The vowel sound lessens - schwa
What is vowel reduction?
Repetition of particular affixes or word formation types e.g. The creation, distribution, and consumption of wealth. OR He looked sticky, icky and picky so she chose someone else
What is morphological patterning?
Sentence patterns - listing, parallelism, antithesis
What is syntactic patterning?
Placing important information at the beginning of the sentence to ensure it is absorbed by the listener/reader
What is front focus?
Giving something movement e.g. The books flew off the tables
What is animation?
Sound patterns - alliteration, assonance, consonance, onomatopoeia, rhythm, rhyme
What is phonological patterning?
Auxiliary verbs that alter necessity or possibility. Must, shall, will, should, would, can, could, may, and might
What is a modal verb?
The person/thing being affected by the verb - I killed HIM
What is a object/patient?
Leaving out words or phrases that can be reconstructed from context - what is the time?(The time is) 2 (in the morning)
What is ellipses?
One's self-respect and desire to liked, respected and seen as a member of the group.
What is positive face?
Leaving out sounds - 'av for have
What is elision?
Repetition of particular word classes or forms, sometimes specific to the domain e.g. Latin words in legal documents and cases, French words in cooking
What is lexical patterning?
An additional piece of information about the verb - IN THE MORNING, the teacher came to school
What is an adverbial?
Pronouns referencing nouns, e.g. "Amy went to school. She sat with Sara"
What is anaphoric referencing?
One's autonomy, or ability to do what they want and not be imposed upon by others.
What is negative face?
Broad, General, Cultivated, Ethnic Broad
What are accents?
Invented words with no discernible links - muggle
What is a neologism?
The process of turning verbs (actions or processes) into nouns (-tion, -ance, -age, -ment) to increase the density and abstraction of a text e.g. the ACCEPTANCE of this offer includes the CREATION of an unjust system
What is nominalisation?
Pronouns referring to nouns, "Although I phone her every week, my mother still complains that I don't keep in touch often enough."
What is cataphoric referencing?
A contrast between what is being said and what is actually happening e.g. Someone who is complaining about the poor standard of English making errors themself
What is irony?
Spoken by 80% of the population, characterised by a non-rhotic r, vowels that tend towards diphthongs and a slightly nasal quality.
Smoko, arvo, U-ey - is quintessential process in Australian English
What is suffixation in Australian English?
An inverted order - object, (aux v) verb, (by) subject
What is passive voice?
A word or phrase that points to the time, place, or situation in which a speaker is speaking. Deixis is expressed in English by way of personal pronouns, demonstratives, and tense.
What is deictic reference?
synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, idiom, denotation and connotation
What is sense relations?