Phonetics & Phonology
Sounds that are not phonemes but still carry meaning in the conversation, such as laughter
What are vocal effects?
Reducing the length of a word - probs, bro
What is a shortening?
A word that joins words, phrases or clauses
What is a conjunction?
Short replies given to show active listening in a conversation and encourage the speaker
What is back-channelling? OR What are minimal responses?
A mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing
What is euphemism?
Words that sounds like what they mean e.g. boom, crash, whisper
What is onomatopoeia?
A phrase headed by a noun that can also include a determiner, adjective phrase, or prepositional phrase
What is a noun phrase?
A sentence type that begins with the verb and omits the subject
What is an imperative?
A discourse strategy in which interlocutors take, hold and pass the floor to one another
What is turn-taking?
A derogatory or unpleasant term used instead of a pleasant or neutral one
What is dysphemism?
Volume, pitch, tempo, stress and intonation
What are prosodic features?
A morpheme that is inserted into the middle of the stem
What is an infix?
Simple, compound, complex, compound-complex, fragment
What are sentence structures?
Types of non-verbal communication such as gestures, facial expressions and eye contact
What are paralinguistic features?
Exaggeration e.g. I'm starving (when hungry)
What is hyperbole?
Repetition of sounds at the start of a word
What is alliteration?
When proper nouns becoming common nouns e.g. google, bandaid, esky
What is commonisation?
A sentence with two or more coordinate independent clauses, joined by a co-ordinating conjunction
What is a compound sentence?
Strategies used to change the subject or to maintain focus between speakers in a conversation
What is topic management?
Using figurative language or some other effect through the meaning of a phrase or sentence, including simile, metaphor, pun
What is semantic patterning?
The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables e.g. there was MOVEment at the STAtion for the WORD had passed aROUND
What is rhythm?
The habitual juxtaposition of a particular word with another word or words with a frequency greater than chance
What is collocation?
A repetition of grammatical structure e.g. "I came, I saw, I conquered"
What is parallelism?
The practice of alternating between two or more languages or dialects in conversation
What is code-switching?
When words can be interpreted in multiple ways e.g. bank - of a river or a financial institution
What is lexical ambiguity?
A vowel sound lessens to a schwa
What is vowel reduction?
Repetition of particular affixes or word formation types e.g. solution, institution, revolution
What is morphological patterning?
Sentence patterns such as listing, parallelism, antithesis
What is syntactic patterning?
Placing important information at the beginning of the sentence to ensure it is absorbed by the listener/reader
What is front focus?
A type of semantic patterning that gives something movement or qualities of a living thing e.g. The books flew off the tables
What is animation?
Patterns of sound such as alliteration, assonance, consonance, onomatopoeia, rhythm, rhyme
What is phonological patterning?
A type of verb that alter the reality or possibility of the main verb e.g. might
What is a modal verb?
The person/thing being affected by the verb - I killed HIM
What is a object?
Leaving out words or phrases that can be reconstructed from the grammatical context e.g. "You going?"
What is ellipsis?
One's desire to liked, respected and seen as a member of the group
What are positive face needs?
Leaving out sounds - 'av for have
What is elision?
An affix added to a stem that creates a new word
What is a derivational morpheme?
An additional piece of information about the clause that is not critical to the syntax - IN THE MORNING, the teacher came to school
What is an adverbial?
What are the spoken discourse features?
One's autonomy, or ability to do what they want and not be imposed upon by others
What are negative face needs?
Broad, General, Cultivated, Ethnic Broad
What are the Australian accents?
A word 'invented' with no discernible links e.g. meme
What is a neologism?
The process of turning verbs or adjectives into nouns (-tion, -ance, -age, -ment) to increase the density and abstraction of a text
What is nominalisation?
What are the non-fluency features?
A contrast between what is being said and what is actually happening e.g. Someone who is complaining about the poor standard of English making errors themself
What is irony?
When two vowel targets are combined into one movement to produce one syllable sound e.g. "coin"
What is a diphthong?
Shortening and then adding an -o or -ie/y morpheme; quintessential process in Australian English
What is hypocoristic use of suffixes?
By moving what was previously the object into subject position
What is passive voice?
Words that are not part of the syntax of the clause but mark some pragmatic meaning e.g. no, thanks
What is a discourse particle?
Synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, idiom, denotation and connotation
What are the sense relations?