ANATOMY
Name which part of the intestine the following substances are absorbed:
Folic acid
Iron
Vitamin B12
Dude Is Just Feeling Ill Bro!
Duodenum - Iron
Jejunum - Folic acid
Ileum - B12
What size was Paul's initial neck lump?
3cm x 2.5cm
What arrhythmia typically gives a "saw-toothed" pattern on an ECG?
Atrial flutter
Give 1 example of an ACE-inhibitor and explain its MOA
Inhibits ACE thereby preventing the conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II.
e.g. perindopril, ramipril, captopril
The ______ nerve supplies all of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx except for the _______ muscle which is supplied by the ________.
The recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies all of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx except for the cricothyroid muscle which is supplied by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve.
SCAR acronym!
What is the defining characteristic in Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
Presence of Reed-Sternberg cells
What does the ABCDE for skin cancer stand for?
Asymmetry
Border irregularity
Colour change/variability
Diameter increasing
Evolution
Which projection on a CXR is preferable to ensure minimal distortion of the cardiothoracic ratio?
PA projection!
Name at least 5 muscles in the anterior forearm
Double points if you can name all eight!
Superficial Layer (P-F-P-F):
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Intermediate Layer:
Flexor digitorum superficialis.
Deep Layer:
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus
What is the difference between stage 2 vs stage 3 DLBCL according to the Ann Arbor Staging?
Stage 2 = >2 affected lymph nodes on the same side of the diaphragm
Stage 3 = >2 affected lymph nodes above AND below the diaphragm
Name 3 red flags for neck lumps.
Age >70
Large nodes >3cm
Single node & enlarging
Fixed to skin without punctum (not a sebaceous cyst)
Associated dysphagia
Hard midline thyroid lump
Px at risk of malignancy or HIV with constitutional sx
Exposure to TB or HIV
Name 2 benefits of a fever?
Integral part of the inflammatory response
In humans, increased body temp results in decreased microbial reproduction
Certain immunologic mechanisms are enhanced at higher temperatures
Tensor tympani muscle: dampens loud sound by pulling the tympanic membrane taut.
Stapedius muscle: dampens intensity of sound waves transmitted by the oval window by pulling it taut.
Name each drug that we use as:
TLS prophylaxis
TLS treatment
TLS prophylaxis: allopurinol
TLS treatment: rasburicase
What does hepcidin do?
When there is too much iron stored in the liver, the liver releases hepcidin -> hepcidin closes ferroportin-1 -> iron cannot pass the basal membrane of enterocytes = reduced iron absorption
What are the 4 developmental domains in childhood?
1. Gross Motor Skills
2. Fine Motor Skills
3. Speech & Language
4. Social & Adaptive Skills
Name all cranial nerves in order.
The twelve cranial nerves are, in order:
olfactory (I)
optic (II)
oculomotor (III)
trochlear (IV)
trigeminal (V)
abducens (VI)
facial (VII)
vestibulocochlear (VIII)
glossopharyngeal (IX)
vagus (X)
accessory (XI)
hypoglossal (XII)
Explain when and what happens during somatic hypermutation.
Somatic hypermutation (SHM) occurs after activation of a B cell (exposure to an antigen) and is a process that introduces point mutations in the variable regions of immunoglobulin genes, leading to the generation of high-affinity antibodies.
What is RANK-L?
Where does it come from?
What does it do?
OsteoBLASTS produce RANK-L -> RANK-L binds to precursor cells -> increased differentiation of precursor cells into osteoCLASTS
Explain how to use a Rapid Rhino device
Spray nostrils with local anaesthetic.
Soak device in sterile water for 30 seconds.
Insert device horizontally into nostril.
Inject 10-20mL of air/normal saline into the bung.
Keep px overnight & administer antibiotics.
On the following day, withdraw air from the balloon and gently remove the Rapid Rhino.