Origins of Cells
In this experiment two scientists mimicked the conditions of early Earth's atmosphere to monitor the types of molecules produced.
What is the Miller-Urey experiment? (be able to discuss how this is an example of an experiment that tested a hypothesis but that did not perfectly replicate the original conditions-this made it difficult to test. Some conclusions from their experiment have been re-evaluated recently).
This is a covalent bond that forms between two sulfur atoms and can help to make the tertiary structure of a protein.
What is a disulfide bond?
This is the type of skeleton that some invertebrates, such as arthropods have.
What is an exoskeleton?
This change in the internal intercostal muscles causes the ribcage to move down and in, forcing exhalation. (either contract or relax)
What is muscle contraction?
This causes water to move upwards into xylem vessels from the roots.
What is root pressure?
These structures formed spontaneously on early Earth and evolved to become cell membranes.
What are vesicles?
An amino acid is made of a central carbon attached to these four different groups.
What are a hydrogen, a carboxyl, an R-group, and an amine?
The myosin head binds to this.
Actin (thin filament)
This type of pneumocyte produces surfactant to coat the alveolus. The surfactant promotes gas diffusion.
What is a type II pneumocyte?
These factors are required for coral reef formation (give at least 3).
What are water depth, favorable pH, salinity, clarity, and temperature?
2 pieces of evidence for RNA being the first genetic material.
What is enzymatic activity and self replication?
Haemoglobin is described as this because its amino acid structure is also attached to a non-protein molecule (heme-which contains Fe).
What is a conjugated protein?
This triggers the movement of myosin in a power stroke.
What is the release of ADP?
This is the volume of air normally exchanged in breathing.
What is the tidal volume?
In this type of nutrition, food is ingested, digested internally, absorbed and assimilated.
What is holozoic nutrition?
These are 2 benefits of multicellularity.
What are allowing larger body size and cell specialization?
These molecules are lipids with multiple carbon rings in their structures. They can pass through the phospholipid bilayer.
What are non-polar steroids?
This causes the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
What is the binding of acetylcholine to the sarcolemma (plasma membrane of the muscle fiber)?
This type of pneumocyte is very thin and promotes gas exchange on the alveolus.
What is a type I pneumocyte?
The freshwater protist, Euglena, has this type of nutrition.
What is mixotrophic?
3 pieces of evidence for the endosymbiotic theory.
What is chloroplasts and mitochondria having 70S ribosomes, circular DNA, and double membrane?
A condensation reaction between three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule produces this molecule.
What is a triglyceride?
When this protein binds to calcium, it causes the removal of the blocking molecule, tropomyosin from the site where myosin binds to actin.
What is troponin?
The oxygen dissociation curve for fetal hemoglobin is shifted to this side when compared with that of adult hemoglobin because fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen.
What is the left?
This type of organism lives on dead or decaying matter and secretes digestive enzymes into it, then absorbing the products of digestion.
What is a saprotroph?