Category 1: Cells & Classification
Name the organelle present in plant cells that contains cell sap.
Vacuole
What is the net movement of particles from high to low concentration?
Diffusion
Which biological molecule turns Biuret reagent from blue to purple/violet?
protein
What process do plants use to synthesise carbohydrates using light?
photosynthesis
Name the tissue that transports water and mineral ions in plants.
xylem
Which cell organelle is the site of aerobic respiration?
Mitochondrion
What term describes the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane?
osmosis
What name is given to the region of an enzyme where the substrate binds?
active site
Name the finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption.
villi
Through which specialized cells do plants absorb water from the soil?
Root hair cells
Name the two main groups that make up the binomial name of an organism
Genus and Species
What happens to an animal cell placed in a pure water solution?
it swells and bursts (lysis)
What happens to an enzyme structure when subjected to extreme pH or temperature?
it becomes denatured
What mineral ion is required by plants to produce chlorophyll?
magnesium
Name the vessel that transports sucrose and amino acids through the plant.
phloem
Identify two cell structures found in plant cells but absent in animal cells
Cell wall and chloroplasts (or large central vacuole)
Name the transport process that moves particles against a concentration gradient using energy.
active transport
What small basic units (monomers) join together to form protein chains?
amino acids
Which enzyme in human digestion breaks down starch into maltose?
amylase
What term describes the movement of sucrose and amino acids from source to sink in phloem?
Translocation
State the kingdom of organisms that are unicellular and lack a membrane-bound nucleus
prokaryotes (bacteria)
What term describes a plant cell whose cytoplasm has shrunk away from the cell wall due to water loss?
plasmolysed
Why does enzyme activity decline rapidly above its optimum temperature?
Heat distorts the active site shape, so the substrate no longer fits
Where is bile produced, and in which organ is it stored prior to release?
Produced in the liver, stored in the gall bladder
Name the process by which water evaporates from the leaves of a plant.
Transpiration