Motion
Name the three types of motion.
Linear
Angular
General
Name the three key concepts of balance and stability.
Centre of Gravity (CoG)
Base of Support (BoS)
Line of Gravity (LoG)
Fluid mechanics refers to...
Forces that operate in water and air environments.
True or false: Using smaller muscle groups will produce more force.
False: To generate maximum force, use the large muscle groups like quadriceps, gluteals and pectoralis muscles.
What does TOTAPS stand for?
Talk
Observe
Touch
Active movement
Passive movement
Skills test
Explain linear motion.
Linear motion is movement in a straight line. All parts of the body move in the same direction and at the same speed.
Explain the concept of Centre of Gravity and provide an example of how athletes manipulate their CoG to enhance performance.
The CoG is the point at which all the weight is evenly distributed.
Examples vary.
Explain the two forces that influence our performance in a water environment.
Bouyant force - pushes the body up while gravity pushes us down
Drag force - the resistance that acts against a body as it moves through water
Define 'force'.
Force is a pushing or pulling action that causes a change.
Explain the first two steps in TOTAPS.
Talk – to the injured person about their symptoms, such as pain, swelling, or loss of function.
Observe – the injured area for any signs of deformity, bleeding, or bruising.
Explain angular motion.
Angular motion is motion that occurs around an axis. This axis can be internal or external.
Explain the concept of Base of Support and provide an example of how athletes manipulate their BoS to enhance performance.
The BoS refers to the area beneath an athlete that supports their weight. A larger BoS improves stability.
Examples vary.
Explain the two forces that influence our performance in an air environment.
Drag force - the resistance that acts against a body as it moves through water
Magnus force - a lift force that acts on a spinning projectile
Explain how the body applies force.
- Force produced by muscles on bones to create movement
- Body provides to against an object (another body, equipement and the ground)
- Several movements can be sequenced together for maximum force production (simultaneous force production and summation of forces)
What do you need to do before following the 3rd step in TOTAPS?
Ask permission to touch them.
Explain general motion.
General motion is the combination of linear and angular motion.
Explain the concept of Line of Gravity and provide an example of how athletes manipulate their LoG to enhance performance.
The Line of Gravity (LoG) is an imaginary vertical line that extends from the body’s CoG to the ground. It determines whether the CoG remains within the BoS. When the LoG falls within the BoS, the body is stable. If the LoG moves outside the BoS, the body becomes unstable, potentially leading to a loss of balance.
Examples vary.
Provide three examples of how athletes overcome fluid resistance.
Examples could include:
- Cyclists using aerodynamic helmets, bikes, clothing and body positioning
- Swimmers wearing swim caps and tight swimsuits
- Cyclist or runners drafting (staying behind another athlete) to minimise drag forces
Explain how the body absorbs forces.
- Widening base of support and lowering centre of gravity
- Move backwards (lengthen movement) to decrease speed of object and increase time to absorb force (eg. egg catching)
- Specialised equipment
Explain the difference between Active movement and Passive movement.
Active movement – ask the injured person to move the injured body part on their own.
Passive movement – gently move the injured body part for them to assess range of motion and pain.
Provide an example of each type of motion.
Examples could include:
Linear - A downhill skier holding a body position as they move down the mountain in a straight line
Angular - A gymnast going around the high bar
General - Running in a 100m sprint in a straight line (linear motion) with the arms and legs moving (angular motion)
Select an activity and explain how an athlete considers their CoG, BoS and LoG to enhance performance.
Examples vary.
Explain the difference between flotation and centre of buoyancy.
Centre of buoyancy - the point where the buoyant force acts, typically at the geometric centre of the submerged volume of an object.
Floatation - an object floats when the upward buoyant force exerted by the fluid equals or exceeds the object's weight.
What is the equation for force?
F = m x a
F = force measured in Newtons (N)
m = mass measured in kilgrams (kg)
a = acceleration measured in metres per second squared (m/s2)
If there is no significant pain or swelling, what is the last step you would take?
Skills test – test the injured person's ability to perform the skills required for their sport.