Cell Biology
Binary Fission
What is the cell division of prokaryotic cells
What is the start codon in protein synthesis
What is AUG
Allele
what is one or two alternative versions of a gene located at a specific position on a chromosome
full name of technique used to create copies of a small segment of DNA
what is polymerase chain reaction
gene flow
what is the transfer alleles which results from migration of individuals to a different population
Meiosis II (names of steps that happen)
What is Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II and Cytokinesis II
DNA is said to be what (and explain what it is)
What is antiparallel
each strand of DNA is running parallel to each other but in different directions
All affected mothers with a dominant trait produce effected what
what is sons
biogeography is the study of what
what is how plants and animal species are distributed across different environments and how these environments change
what are the problems with the fossil record
(4 of them)
organism have not been preserved
small proportion of fossils exist
some buried to deep
some destroyed by human activity
List the phases in the cell cycle in order
G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, M phase, C phase
Name of the mutation that makes the fragment of DNA unreadable
What is Insertion
what trait can skip a generation
what is a recessive trait
in gel electrophoresis what charge is DNA
what is negative charge
pre and post reproductive mechanisms of speciation
what is geographical features, temporal , behavioural and morphological mechanisms
what is gamete and zygote mortality and hybrid sterility
What happens in crossing over
What is during meiosis I homologous chromosomes pair up and physically connect, in prophase I there is an exchange of genetic material between paternal and maternal homologous chromosomes
What happens during transcription
What is the process by which DNA is transcribed to a mRNA molecule which is made by a RNA polymerase
polygenic inheritance and give an example
what is traits that are controlled by multiple genes that show continuous variation
height
what are some potential adverse effects of transgenic organisms (theres 4)
what is
effects non target organisms
rapid evolution of pesticide resistant species
gene flow from crops to weeds
reduction in genetic diversity
list the sources of variation and give a little explanation about how they happen
what is genetic drift: random changes from generation to generation
bottleneck effect: when population is drastically reduced in size
founder effect: when small population found a new population
List the steps and what happens in them in binary fission
What is
1. DNA replication
2. Cell elongation
3. Cell wall formation
4. Cytokinesis
What enzymes are used in DNA replication and what is there use
What is helicase, DNA polymerase, primase and ligase
Helicase: unzips the double helix by breaking the bonds between nucleotides
DNA polymerase: synthsises to new strand working in the 5' to 3' direction
Primase: creates a primer to allow DNA polymerase to initiate replication
Ligase: fuses the okazaki fragments to create the DNA strand
Incomplete dominance
what is both alleles contributing to the phenotype and neither is fully dominant
how to create a transgenic organism
(shouldve picked a different one)
what is
identify and isolate the desired gene
extract using restriction enzyme
use enzyme to cut plasmid
anneal and ligation
place recombinant plasmid into bacteria for cloning
transformation and expression
vector for another host organism
new phenotype observed
what is divergent evolution, adaptive radiation and convergent evolution
divergent evolution: group of organisms with a recent common ancestor that evolve with different adaptations in response to different environmental pressures. koalas and tassie devils
adaptive radiation: occurs when new environment niches become available following a mass extinction. when maursupials reached australia
convergent evolution: different species have similar adaptations in response to similar environmental demands. ant eating structures in echidnas and numbats (or ant eating species)