Health Status & Inequities
What epidemiological indicator refers to the total number of people living with a condition at a given time?
Prevalence
Which Australian healthcare program provides universal coverage for most essential medical care?
Medicare
What is the main purpose of a pre-exercise questionnaire and health screening before beginning an exercise program?
To identify health risks, medical conditions, injuries or other factors so exercise can be undertaken safely and appropriately.
Which principle means gradually increasing training demands?
Progressive overload
What is biomechanics?
The study of human movement using physics and engineering principles.
What is the difference between mortality and morbidity?
Mortality is the number of deaths in a population. Morbidity refers to disease, illness or injury within a population.
What healthcare technology can improve access for people in rural and remote areas by reducing the need to travel?
Telehealth
Name four fitness areas that may be measured when establishing a participant's baseline fitness.
Cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength/endurance, flexibility and body composition.
Which principle explains fitness loss when training stops?
Reversibility
What is the purpose of carbohydrate loading?
To maximise glycogen stores and delay fatigue.
What are the leading causes of death for Australian males and females?
Males: coronary heart disease. Females: dementia.
Name the four Sustainable Development Goals specifically studied in Year 12 HMS
SDG 3: Good Health and Wellbeing; SDG 4: Quality Education; SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities; SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities
Which fitness test measures anaerobic power and capacity using cycling?
The Wingate Test.
Name the six principles of training.
Progressive overload, training thresholds, reversibility, specificity, variety, warm-up and cool-down
According to the Inverted-U, what happens if arousal is too high or too low?
Performance decreases.
Give three examples of social determinants of health that can positively or negatively influence health outcomes.
Any three, such as income and social protection, education, employment/job security, housing/environment, food security, social inclusion, access to affordable healthcare.
Explain how SDG 4: Quality Education can contribute to SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities.
Improved access to inclusive and equitable education develops knowledge, health literacy and opportunities. Giving disadvantaged groups better access to education can reduce social, economic and health inequalities.
Explain two ways exercise assessment results can be used to develop a training program.
Any two: establish baseline fitness, identify strengths and weaknesses, set realistic goals, choose appropriate training methods/intensity, personalise the program, monitor progress, prevent overtraining or undertraining.
Which two are aerobic methods: HIIT, continuous, plyometrics, fartlek?
Continuous and fartlek
How can creatine improve performance?
It increases phosphocreatine stores, helping produce ATP quickly during high-intensity exercise.
Identify three significant health inequities Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples experience.
Any three: lower life expectancy, higher disease burden, higher infant mortality, more chronic disease, greater psychological distress.
Which two SDGs could help a rural community with poor healthcare access and low health literacy?
Possible answer: SDG 3, improve access to preventative healthcare or telehealth. SDG 4, provide health education/health literacy programs. SDG 10, target disadvantaged groups and improve equitable access. SDG 11, improve transport, community facilities, green space or accessible infrastructure.
Explain why performance testing would be used differently for a recreational participant compared with an elite athlete.
Recreational testing focuses more on health monitoring, motivation, goal setting and safe personalised exercise. Elite testing focuses more on performance optimisation, identifying strengths/weaknesses, monitoring progression, talent identification and injury prevention/recovery.
Name three physiological adaptations that can result from training.
Any three: increased stroke volume, increased oxygen uptake, muscular hypertrophy, increased mitochondria, increased haemoglobin, increased lactate threshold, lower resting heart rate
Name one physical and one psychological recovery strategy.
Physical: cool-down or hydrotherapy. Psychological: relaxation, breathing, mindfulness or progressive muscle relaxation.