Health priorities in Australia
Define what epidemiology is and identify the four measures.
Epidemiology- study of disease in groups or populations through the collection of data and information, to identify patterns and causes.
- Morbidity
- Mortality
- Infant mortality
- Life expectancy
What is the leading cause of death for both females and males aged 1-44
injury
What is the fuel for the ATP/PC system?
Creating Phosphate
What is fartlek training?
Continous training with periods of increased intensity
List 3 factors that create health inequities
- daily living conditions
- quality of early years of life
- access to services and transport
- socioeconomic factors
- social attributes, eg social exclusion, discrimination
- government policies and priorities, eg health, economic, social.
What is the role of competition in western societies?
A form of training to cope to lose and strike to win
Which of the following best outlines the meaning of 'amateur' in the 19th century?
a) higher class with large payments for participation
b) lower class with large payments for participation
c) higher class with no payment for participation
d) lower class with no payment for participation
c
What are the 6 principles of training?
progressive overload
specificity
reversibility
variety
training thresholds
warmup and cooldown
How does epidemiology contribute to identifying health status' in communities.
- describe and compare patterns of health
- monitor major causes of sickness and death to identify emerging issues and inequalities
- identify areas of need so specific prevention and treatment interventions
- determine priority areas for allocation of government funding.
Explain the nature and extent of health inequities experienced by ONE group.
ATSI people experience the largest gap in health outcomes in Australia. They currently have a life expectancy 10 years lower than other Australians. All LE is trending upwards but the gap remains around 10 years.
ATSI people have higher death rates in each age group than other Australians, though this is improving and the gap is decreasing. ATSI death rate at 35-44 is four (4) times, and the child death rate is twice that of other Australians. The extent of this gap is decreasing.
ATSI people also suffer from larger death rates from circulatory diseases, endocrine, metabolic, and nutritional disorders, with an emphasis in diabetes. ATSI people are 5 times more likely to die from endocrine, metabolic, and nutritional disorders than other Australians and more likely to die of digestive conditions.
ATSI people are also more likely to suffer from long term health conditions.
ATSI people have an extensive gap in health outcomes compared with other Australians. This includes 7 x more kidney disease, 3 x more diabetes, 1.5 x more obesity and cancer death rates as well as a youth suicide rate that is 6 x more for females and 4 x more for males. ATSI people are more likely to require assistant with daily living activities as reported by census, particularly in the under 65 age groups. There are also large gaps in self-purported mental health.
Distinguish the difference between aerobic and anaerobic training thresholds and where the aerobic training zone sits.
Aerobic: level of intensity sufficient to cause a training effect. Approx. 70% of max. HR
Anaerobic: Level of intensity in exercise where training effect is caused on anaerobic system.
Between these thresholds is aerobic training zone.
Name 2 physiological and 2 psychological strategies to assist recovery.
Physiological strategies: cool down, hydration, nutrition, neural strategies (hydrotherapy), massage, tissue damage strategies (cryotherapy)
Psychological:meditation, breathing exercises, PMR, music, mental imagery
Describe two government interventions aimed at improving inequities among one group.
ATSI:
- Close the Gap
- Koori Cooking
- Indigenous Advancement strategy
Unemployed:
- Jobseeker
What were some reasons women were DIScouraged to participate in sports in 19c?
They could damage their reproductive organs
They could not handle the stress of a competition
Identify instances when sport has been used for political purposes and evaluate the impact on Athletes and the Australian public.
Cathy Freeman celebrating gold with the Aboriginal flag
Cricket boycotting Pakistan tour- tourism issues
Moscow Olympics
Apartheid boycotts
Describe the four psychological strategies to enhance motivation and manage anxiety:
- concentration/attention skills (focusing)
- mental rehearsal/visualisation/imagery
- relaxation techniques
- goal-setting.
Concentration or attention skills refers to an athlete’s focusing on doing, rather than how to do. Attention or focus can be improved by blocking out distractions and using positive self-talk. The more the athlete focuses on the completing the skill with the correct technique, the better their focus is and the better their skill execution will become.
Mental rehearsal (also known as visualisation or imagery) is when the athlete pictures the movement or skill in their mind. Mental rehearsal requires the athlete to take their own perspective/view and imagine completing the skill perfectly, while ensuring they visualise the complete scenario. That is, to visualise the sounds, colours, movements, defender etc that will be present when the actual skill is executed. Often done just before performance as it helps improve concentration. For example. many basketball players will mentally rehearse their free throw before taking it, and weight lifters visualise a successful lift before their attempt.
Relaxation techniques are used to reduce anxiety and manage arousal levels. There are many techniques available to the athlete, but the more common techniques are: centred breathing, progressive muscular relaxation, listening to music, and mental relaxation.
Goal setting helps improve an athlete’s motivation and enables them to measure progress. Goals can be either performance or behaviour oriented and can be both long and/or short term.
Distinguish the difference between prevalence and incidence
Prevalance- the number of diseases in a population at a specific time
Incidence is the number of new cases of diseases occurring in a population
Name 4 of the six groups experiencing health inequities in Australia.
ATSI. SE Disadvantaged people. People in rural and remote areas. Overseas-born people. Elderly people. People with disabilities.
Distinguish the difference between isometric and isotonic contractions?
Isometric- muscle does not change length
Isotonic contractions- involve concentric and eccentric muscle contraction
What are the physiological adaptations in response to training?
resting heart rate
stroke volume and cardiac output
oxygen uptake and lung capacity
haemoglobinlevel
muscle hypertrophy
effect on fast/slow twitch muscle fibres
What is the impact of the determinants of health on ONE group?
Unemployed:
- individual- obesity, chronic illnesses, drug dependence, smoking rates
- sociocultural- parents, society and media stereotypes
- soceoeconomic- poverty, diminished assets,
- environmental- dangerous environments (living), remoteness
ATSI
- individual- smoking, alcohol, drug use, obesity, inactivity
- sociocultural- overcrowding, diet, cultural beliefs, systematic oppression
- soceoeconomic- government, education, occupation
- environmental- poor living conditions, level of remoteness, incarceration
Why have extreme sports increased in popularity?
- Media- through promotion
- Less rules, usually no therefore athletes are in control
- Sponsors eg. red bull
How does the mass media contribute to people's understanding, values and beliefs about sport?
the way sport is represented- technology eg. slow motion, cam angle, cricket- ball follower
coverage across various print and electronic media
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of medicare
Adv- free basic health care for all Australians, bulk billed GP's, access to PBS, access to public hospitals
Disadv- wait times for elective or non urgent surgeries, no ancillary services, no choice of dr in public hospitals
Identify three specific determinants of health and how they impact ATSI people.
Sociocultural- family, peers, religion, media, oppression and discrimination.
Socioeconomic- lower rates of educational attainment leading to poorer incomes and lower employment rates.
Environmental- poor access to clean water and sanitation, inadequate housing, air and dust pollution, waste and pest management. These factors are exacerbated in remote locations and are linked to preventable diseases like respiratory and renal problems
What are the 5 action areas of the Ottawa Charter?
1 Developing Personal Skills
2 Reorienting Health Services
3 Strengthen Community Action
4 Creating Supportive Environments
5 Building Healthy Public Policy
- Close the Gap
- Shape up Australia
What are the adaptations of fast twitch fibres to anaerobic training?
Lactic acid tolerance, Hypertrophy, ATP/PC supply increases, increase of glycolytic enzymes
After how many seconds does the ATP/PC system transition into the lactic acid system and what is the duration?
10-12 seconds of ATP/PC system.
30 seconds at 85% max effort. Can last 3-4 minutes at 70-80% up to 30 minutes at 60% or less.
What role does the media have in influencing social attitudes and public policy for one group?
ATSI:
- promote positive sport role models
- support and promote national initiatives- close the Gap
- influence social attitudes around perceptions
Unemployed:
- provide sympathetic perspective to society
- promote employment programs
- support national initiatives
What represents the biggest change in sport between the 19th century and today?
a) participation of women and sport as a commodity
b) reduction in alcohol sponsorship and gambling
c) decline of horse racing and gambline
d) cricket is no longer out national sport with the rise of cricket
a
Identify reasons for why many women participate more often today?
- changed social views arising from the feminist movement
- media
- sponsorship
What are Modifiable and Non-Modifiable factors and what are Protective factors.
List 2 for each in relation to Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) ?
Modifiable - is something that can be changed
- Tobacco smoking - High blood pressure - High blood cholesterol - Insufficient physical activity - Being overweight and obesity - Poor nutrition - Type 2 diabetes - Alcohol
Non-Modifiable - is something that can't be changed. - Age - Gender - Heredity
Protective factors - by doing this can reduce the risk of chronic diseases
- Being sufficiently physically active - Eating a healthy diet - Maintaining a healthy weight - Not smoking - Managing stress - Abstaining from alcohol
Name the five factors for identifying Priority Health Issues and give an example of each.
1. Prevalence of condition
2. social justice principles
3. Priority population groups
4. costs to the individual and community
5. potential for prevention and early intervention.
List and give a description of the levels of health promotion.
Government- coordination and leaderships. Federal level- government works with international agencies like WHO to ensure that the general public, along with other important health related agencies, have the information and systems they need to produce the best health outcome possible.
Local and state governments should be responsible for providing and supporting preventive health services and promotion.
INDIVIDUALS- Each person must accept responsibility, and be held accountable, for their own health. Individuals need to seek out health information and advice so that they can make informed decisions about their wellbeing.They can contribute to overall health of the community by seeking support from family and friends or offering to assist others.
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION- The majority of Australia’s health promotion campaigns provide people with perfect examples of how people, governments and cities can work together to generate a better health outcome for the population. These partnerships help better the population’s health rates and the effectiveness has been positively impacted by the Ottawa Charter’s five action areas.
Identify and outline the characteristics of skilled performers.
Characteristics of Skill and Performance
1. Kinaesthetic Sense
System of sensitivity that exists in muscles and their attachments. Skilled performer have well‐developed K. sense. Allows them to feel movement as they perform it. Can even make corrections while performing movement.
2. Anticipation + Timing
Able to predict what may happen in specific situations. E.g. speed of ball, where it will land, when kick will be effective. Allows more time to respond, anticipation is also necessary for externally paced activities. E.g. basketball, cricket.
3. Consistency
Skilled performers- high quality consistency. Can repeat desired movement in high‐pressure situations. E.g. tennis, golf
4. Technique
Good technique will be carried out in a safe, effective, efficient, and aesthetically pleasing manner. Movement will have better chance of being successful, will withstand pressure better, and less chance of injury if technique is proper.
Identify the aspects that effect the learning environment. Give examples for each.
- nature of the skill (open, closed, gross, fine, discrete, serial, continuous, self-paced, externally paced)
- the performance elements (decision-making, strategic and tactical)
development)
- practice method (massed, distributed, whole, part)
- feedback (internal, external, concurrent, delayed, knowledge of results, knowledge of performance)
Analyse the characteristics of a specific health promotion strategy in order to predict its potential for success.
characteristics of effective health promotion strategies
- working with the target group in program design and implementation
- ensuring cultural relevance and appropriateness
- focusing on skills, education and prevention
- supporting the whole population while directing extra resources to those in high risk groups
- intersectoral collaboration
What does SPAAS stand for?
Define patriotism.
Define what a commodity is.
Sport and Physical Activity in Australian Society
Patriotism- a devotion to one's country and willingness to defend it
Commodity- is something that is bought, sold or traded
Identify the dot-points that fall under sport as a traditionally male domain.
- sport and the construction of masculinity and femininity
- implications for participation
- sponsorship, policy and resourcing the role of the media in constructing
- meanings around femininity and masculinity in sport
Identify the factors that create health inequities and how they contribute to inequities experienced by different population groups in Australia.
factors that create health inequities
- daily living conditions
- quality of early years of life
- access to services and transport
- socioeconomic factors
- social attributes, eg social exclusion, discrimination
- government policies and priorities, eg health, economic, social