Localised function of Brain
Who am I?
I am the largest lobe in the brain
I have several functions - initiating movement of body, language, planning, judgement, problem-solving, aspects of personality and emotions
Phinease Gage got a rod through me.
Frontal lobe
True or False - Transduction is the process when the receptor cells send the nerve impulses to the primary sensory cortex where specialised receptor cells response as the process of perception begins.
False, that is transmission.
Transduction is the stimulus energy is converted by the receptor cells into electrochemical nerve impulses
Describe the difference between encoding and retrieval.
Encoding is the process of putting information into a form that will allow it to fit within your personal storage system, whereas retrieval is the process of getting information back from long-term memory to be used in working memory.
What is Observational learning
Where a person learns by watching the behaviour demonstrated by another.
Define compliance
Change of behaviour but not beliefs out of desire to fit in or be accepted
What is the role of the spine during a spinal reflex?
To link the sensory and motor neurons without the involvement of the brain.
List two biological influences on visual perception.
Ageing (presbyopia, Floaters, cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma)
genetics (inherited visual disorder, congenital visual disorder, colour vision deficiency, retinis pigmentosa.)
State the difference between recognising and recalling
Recognising involves simply selecting the correct response, whereas free recall requires retrieval of information from long term memory.
Explain Positive Reinforcement
A consequence that strengthens a response by providing a pleasant or satisfying outcome, increasing the likelihood that a behaviour will be repeated
State the two social factors that influence prosocial behaviour.
reciprocity and social responsibility
What is the purpose of the hippocampus
Encoding of explicit memories and acts to transfer these to other parts of the brain for storage as long-term memory.
Explain the ames room illusion.
The room is a trapezoid, when viewed with one eye it appears square so the one individual seems giant and the other seems small. If viewed with two eyes, it does not work because of binocular depth.
Define Short-term memory and state its capacity and duration.
A store that receives information from the long-term and sensory stores. It has a limited capacity of 5-9 pieces of information and a duration of approximately 12-30 seconds.
In classical condition, what is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is. BONUS 100 POINTS - What was the UCS in Pavlov's experiment?
A stimulus that causes an unconditioned response.
Pavlov's experiment - Food, when presented to the dogs it caused the unconditioned response of salivation.
What was Milgram's Experiment on Obedience main conclusion?
Most people ae willing to perform actions contrary to their beliefs if instructed to do so by an authority figure.
The neurotransmitter that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and heightens awareness.
Epinephrine (also known as adrenaline)
Explain what perceptual sets are.
Perceiving things in a certain way due to past experiences, context, or emotional state (rat man study)
Explain the multi-store model of memory and the stages within. (BONUS - 100 points - Who proposed the multi-store model of memory.)
A model that suggest that memory is comprised of three memory stores - a sensory store, short-term memory store and long-term memory store.
Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
Distinguish between primary and secondary socialisation.
Primary - learning beliefs, customs and behaviours from those closest to you (parents, close family members, friends)
Secondary - learning beliefs, customs and behaviours form outside the home groups (teachers, extended family, friends and media)
Name three reasons for the bystander effect (reduced likelihood that a person will help)
diffusion of responsibility, audience inhibition, social influence (reaction of others), cost benefit analysis
Explain inhibitory synapses
When the post-synaptic neuron is less likely to fire and cause an action potential because of an inhibitory neurotransmitter, e.g. GABA.
What was the conclusion of Deregowski, Muldrow & Muldrow's (1972) experiment
Perception is mostly based on the perceiver's past experience or familiarity with an object, animal or person. This skill can be learn with effort.
Explain the difference between the two stages of sensory memory, iconic and echoic memory.
Iconic memory - visual sensory memory, lasts for about 0.3 seconds
Echoic memory - auditory memory, lasts 2-3 seconds
Compare negative and positive reinforcement
Negative - the removal, reduction or prevention of an unpleasant stimulus
Postive - providing a pleasant or satisfying outcome (reward) for a behaviour
Both increase the chance that the behaviour will be repeated.
What are the 5 stages of Duck's (2006) relationship dissolution model?
Intrapsychic phase, Dyadic phase, Social phase, Grave-dressing stage, Resurrection stage