Genetics
What is the shape of DNA?
Double helix.
What do the letters outside the Punnett square represent?
Parental alleles
What does PCR stand for?
Polymerase Chain Reaction.
What is the name of the process by which bacteria reproduce?
Binary Fission
What is an example of a genetic disorder?
E.g. Cystic fibrosis
What process produces four genetically unique daughter cells?
Meiosis
If two heterozygous organisms (Aa) breed, what percentage of offspring will be homozygous recessive?
25% (aa)
What is CRISPR used for in genetic engineering?
Editing genes.
What is the difference between a virus and a bacterium?
A virus is non-living and requires a host to reproduce, while bacteria are living and can reproduce independently.
What is the term for the progressive weakening of bones due to a loss of calcium and other minerals?
Osteoporosis.
What is the term for the genetic makeup of an organism?
Genotype
Define co-dominance.
A condition where both alleles in a heterozygous organism are fully expressed.
What is gel electrophoresis used for?
To separate DNA fragments by size.
What is the purpose of vaccines?
To stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against a specific pathogen.
What is an autoimmune disease (define) and provide an example?
A condition where the immune system attacks the body’s own cells, for example Graves' Disease
What enzyme is responsible for unzipping the DNA strand during replication?
Helicase
In a monohybrid cross of two heterozygotes, what phenotypic ratio do you expect?
3:1
What is the name of the enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sites?
Restriction enzyme
Name a vector that transmits malaria.
Anopheles mosquito.
Name a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
E.g. High cholesterol, smoking, or hypertension
What is the purpose of crossing over in meiosis?
To increase genetic diversity.
What type of inheritance pattern is seen in human blood types?
Codominance and multiple alleles.
What is a plasmid and how is it used in biotechnology?
A small, circular DNA molecule used to transfer genes into bacteria
What is the main difference between active and passive immunity?
Active immunity is developed by the body's own immune system after exposure to a pathogen, while passive immunity is acquired through external antibodies.
What type of diabetes is caused by an autoimmune response that destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas?
Type 1 Diabetes