Normal human structure
Cristae terminalis is present in which of the heart chambers?
Right atrium
It is the volume of air which does not undergo gas exchange with blood in the lungs.
Dead space
What are the arteries most affected by Atherosclerosis?
Aorta and its main branches
Which drugs are first line for treatment of hypertension?
ACEIs and ARBs
The most common bacterial cause of septic arthritis is:
Staphylococcus aureus
At what level does the common carotid artery terminate?
At the upper border of thyroid cartilage (opposite the disk between C3 and C4)
What is the end product of purine metabolism in human?
uric acid
Post traumatic autoimmune disease, characterized by silver scales formation , what this lesion is known to be?
Psoriasis
What’s the drug Cholestyramine mainly used to treat?
Dyslipidemia
In which type of influenza viruses does "antigenic shift" occur?
Type A influenza virus
What are the filaments found in smooth muscle cells?
Actin, Myosin and intermediate filaments (desmin)
What type of metabolism is mainly used by fast-twitch (Type IIb) muscle fibers?
Anaerobic glycolysis
"Hyaline arteriolosclerosis" is present in which type of hyperension?
Benign hypertension
State 2 Positive Inotropic Drugs.
Epinephrine, Dopamine, Dobutamine, Digoxin
The pathogen that is the most common cause of Subacute bacterial endocarditis.
streptococcus viridans
What is the structure lying on the left posterior aspect of the ligamentum arteriosum?
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
What are the two main ketone bodies used by the heart for energy?
Acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate
What’s the only type of lung cancer that’s more common in females than males?
Lung adenocarcinoma
Which anti-arrhythmic drug prolongs the QRS wave on ECG?
Class 1c (Propafenone)
What are the two important constituents of the fungal cell wall?
An anatomical shunt allowing the blood to bypass the fetal lungs by connecting the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta.
Ductus arteriosus
What is the osmotic pressure produced by the surface tension in the alveoli? (number)
20 mmHg
It’s a grayish myocardial mass that protrudes into the ventricle, composed of spider cells and associated with tuberous sclerosis, it’s most commonly seen in infants. What is it?
Rhabdomyoma
Which anti-anginal drugs are contraindicated with sildenafil because it causes severe hypotension?
Organic nitrates
What is the only bacteria that has a capsule formed of polypeptide instead of polysaccharide?
Bacillus anthracis