Rivers and Coasts
What are the swash and backwash?
The swash is when a wave washes up onto the shoreline and the backwash is when the water from a wave retreats back into the sea.
What is the largest continent?
Asia
Which layer of the Earth is missing?
Crust, mantle, inner core
Outer core
When did the civil war in Somalia start?
1991
The ousting of Mohamed Siad Barre in 1991 sparks a decades-long civil war between rival clan warlords.
What phrase describes how beach material is moved downshore?
Longshore drift
What are the four methods of erosion?
Hydraulic action
Abrasion
Attrition
Solution
What is the smallest continent?
Australia
What is the hottest layer of the Earth?
The inner core - temperatures reach up to 5,500C.
What is the definition of resource scarcity?
When demand for a natural resource is greater than the available supply
e.g. water scarcity, food scarcity
What is the prevailing wind?
The prevailing wind is the dominant or main wind direction, and determines where the wave strikes on the coastline
Traction
Saltation
Suspension
Solution.
What ocean is to the east of Somalia?
The Indian Ocean
What are convection currents?
Convection currents describe the continuous circular movement driven by heat from the Earth's core. This causes hot magma to rise in the mantle, which then cools and sinks towards the core. This drives the movement of tectonic plates.
What is a failed state?
A state that is classed as ineffective and is not able to enforce its laws uniformly or provide basic goods and services to its citizens.
Define hard and soft engineering, and give an example of each
Hard engineering involves building artificial structures which try to control natural processes e.g. groynes.
Soft engineering does not involve building artificial structures, but takes a more sustainable and natural approach to managing the coast e.g. beach nourishment.
Name a type of biological weathering
Biological weathering is caused by the movements of plants and animals. For example, a rabbit can burrow into a crack in a rock making it bigger and eventually splitting the rock, or a plant may grow in a crack in a rock and, as its roots grow, cause the crack to widen
Name the 7 continents
Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Oceania
Name the four tectonic plate boundary types.
Conservative plate boundary
Collision plate boundary
Destructive plate boundary
Constructive plate boundary
Which Islamist terrorist group is competing for control in Somalia?
Al-Shabaab
How does an arch, stack and stump form?
When hydraulic action and abrasion widen a crack in a headland, it opens up into a cave. When it breaks through both sides of the headland, it forms an arch. When the roof becomes too heavy, it collapses and leaves a stack. When it is undercut at the base it forms a stump.
How does erosion play a role in the formation of a waterfall?
The river flows over bands of less resistant (softer) and resistant (harder) rocks. The softer rock is more vulnerable to erosion. The rock is undercut, creating an overhanging ledge. The ledge will collapse into the plunge pool below. As this process continues, the waterfall retreats.
Name the 5 oceans
Pacific, Atlantic, Southern, Arctic and Indian
Which layer of the Earth creates our magnetic field?
The outer core
Here the convective energy from the slow-moving molten iron is converted to electrical and magnetic energy
List three challenges that are facing Somalia. Link this to Somalia's status as a failed state
- Political Instability
- Terrorism
- Weak infrastructure
- Economic instability
- Natural disasters e.g. droughts and floods
- Piracy
- Corruption
Explain how a spit forms
Material carried by longshore drift is deposited in a long, thin ridge when the coastline changes shape - called a spit. They're low energy environments and waves cannot get past, leading to the formation of salt marshes and mud flats.