Sustainability
What does the word sustainability mean?
Meeting present needs without harming future generations’ ability to meet theirs.
What type of government does New Zealand have?
A democracy and constitutional monarchy.
Who were the first migrants to Aotearoa NZ?
Polynesian navigators, ancestors of Māori, arriving around 1200–1300 CE.
Define democracy
A political system where citizens elect leaders and have rights such as free speech, protest, and fair trials.
What is the purpose of a choropleth map?
It uses shades or colours to show data patterns across areas.
Name one direct and one indirect impact of climate change.
Direct: rising sea levels, increased frequency of severe storms, melting glaciers, droughts
Indirect: climate refugees, increased food prices, crop failure, destruction of animal habitats
Name the parties and leaders that make up the current Government of New Zealand.
National - Christopher Luxon
ACT - David Seymour
NZ First - Winston Peters
What is the difference between push and pull factors?
Push: reasons to leave (war, poverty, lack of jobs, discrimination).
Pull: reasons to go (jobs, safety, education, land, better life).
Define globalisation
The growing connection between countries through trade, travel, communication, and culture.
Examples: McDonald’s worldwide, social media, international fashion trends.
One from Asia
One in Africa
Asia: China, Japan, India, Indonesia, Thailand, South Korea, Vietnam.
Africa: Egypt, South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya, Ethiopia, Morocco, Ghana.
What is a carbon footprint?
The total greenhouse gases a person or activity produces.
Name one difference between central and local government.
Central: runs nationwide services (health, education, welfare, defence), creates laws for all of NZ.
Local: manages community services (water, roads, parks, rubbish, libraries), creates bylaws for their areas.
Name one push factor for 19th-century Europeans moving to NZ.
Lack of land or jobs in Britain/Ireland, industrial changes, famine, population growth.
Define economy
The system of making, selling, and using goods and services — includes jobs, trade, and money flow
What are two human activity that increases greenhouse-gas emissions?
Transport: driving petrol or diesel vehicles, flying, shipping.
Energy use: burning coal, oil, or gas for electricity and heating.
Agriculture: livestock farming (methane), deforestation for farmland.
Industry: cement and steel production, manufacturing, waste burning.
Give one example of how globalisation can harm the environment.
More transport emissions (shipping, flights), deforestation for trade crops, plastic pollution from global packaging, waste from fast fashion.
What do the two votes in the MMP system stand for?
Party vote: decides share of seats in Parliament. Electorate vote: chooses local MP.
What was the poll tax and who did it affect?
A tax on Chinese migrants entering NZ (1880s–1940s) — a racist policy that limited immigration.
Define colonisation
When a foreign power takes control over land and people — e.g., British colonisation of NZ after 1840.
Provide an example of a push factor, a pull factor and an obstacle when thinking about migration
Push factor: war, lack of jobs, poverty, discrimination, natural disaster.
Pull factor: job opportunities, safety, education, higher wages, family already living there.
Obstacle: cost of travel, border restrictions, language barriers, lack of visas, leaving family behind.
Explain why reducing carbon footprints is important for sustainability.
It slows climate change, protects ecosystems, keeps resources available, and improves human and environmental health.
What do parties on the left and right of the political spectrum generally believe in?
Name a belief or idea for both the left and the right side of the political spectrum.
Left-wing: believes in equality, social welfare, government support for health and education, progressive taxes, environmental protection.
Right-wing: believes in individual responsibility, lower taxes, private enterprise, less government intervention, personal freedom.
Explain how migration has created cultural diversity in NZ.
Different groups brought foods (dumplings, roti, chop suey, hāngi), languages (te reo Māori, Samoan, Mandarin), festivals (Diwali, Matariki, Chinese New Year), and beliefs, forming NZ’s multicultural identity.
Define prejudice
Unfair judgment based on race, religion, gender, or culture. Not based on evidence or fact — e.g., anti-Chinese laws, sexism, or anti-immigrant bias
Explain the difference between a dictatorship and a democracy.
Democracy: citizens have the right to vote, express opinions freely, and choose their leaders through fair elections. Power is shared and laws protect people’s rights.
Dictatorship: one person or small group holds total power, often gained by force. Citizens have limited freedoms, no fair elections, and little say in government decisions.