Agricultural Revolution
What was the Enclosure Movement, and how did it change land use?
Land was enclosed by rich landowners, forcing peasants off common land.
Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Britain?
Britain had coal, iron, workers, money, and colonies.
When and why did the First Fleet arrive in Australia?
In 1788; to reduce overcrowding in British prisons.
What was traded in the transatlantic slave trade?
Goods, enslaved people, and raw materials.
What was the Middle Passage?
A journey enslaved Africans were forced to take across the Atlantic.
What is militarism?
The belief in building a strong military and being ready for war.
How did new farming tools like the seed drill change agriculture?
It allowed farmers to plant more efficiently and increased food supply.
What did the spinning jenny do, and who did it affect?
It made textile production faster and reduced jobs for some workers.
Why did Britain choose Australia as a convict colony?
Because of overcrowded prisons and the loss of colonies in America.
How did slavery affect African societies?
It caused population loss, violence, and disruption in communities.
What were conditions like on slave ships?
Ships were overcrowded, with disease and poor hygiene.
What are alliances and how did they increase the chance of war?
Countries were tied by treaties, leading to a chain reaction.
How did crop rotation improve farming?
It kept soil healthy and increased harvests.
What effect did steam power have on factories and transport?
How did the factory system change where and how people worked?
What were the main differences between convicts and free settlers?
Convicts were punished; settlers chose to migrate for opportunities.
What were some of the social effects of the slave trade in Africa?
It caused divisions and warfare between African groups.
How were enslaved people packed and treated during the journey?
Poor conditions, lack of food, and abuse caused many deaths.
How did nationalism contribute to rising tensions in Europe?
People believed their nation was superior and should dominate.
What happened to peasants after enclosure laws were introduced?
Many became poor or moved to cities looking for jobs.
How did industrialisation change cities and people’s lives?
Cities grew fast but became crowded and unhealthy; jobs increased.
How did convicts and free settlers help build early Australian colonies?
Convicts were punished; settlers chose to migrate for opportunities.
How did some African leaders benefit from the slave trade?
They sold enslaved people for guns and goods.
How did enslaved Africans try to resist during the Middle Passage?
Some refused to eat, planned rebellions, or preserved culture, or threw themselves overboard.
How did alliances pull many countries into WWI after one conflict?
A conflict between two nations quickly involved allies.
What were two effects of the Agricultural Revolution on society?
More food, population growth, and workers moving to cities.
How did industrialisation change cities and people’s lives?
Cities grew fast but became crowded and unhealthy; jobs increased.
How did free settlers shape Australia's early economy and society?
Settlers started farms and businesses that shaped local economies.
What long-term effects did slavery leave on African nations?
It led to poverty, underdevelopment, and conflict.
What was the emotional and psychological toll of the Middle Passage?
Many felt fear, despair, and were separated from families forever. Systemic racism also caused intergenerational trauma.
How did imperialism and competition for colonies cause rivalry?
Countries competed for power and land in Africa and Asia.
How did agricultural changes lead to the Industrial Revolution?
Food surplus meant more people and workers for factories.
What were the pros and cons of the Industrial Revolution for workers?
New jobs and technology helped economies; workers often suffered.
How did transportation as punishment impact Australia's history?
It contributed to the colony’s growth and British control.
Why do we still see the effects of the slave trade in modern Africa?
Economic and political damage still affects some nations.
What is the loose pack vs tight pack method and what were the reasons for this?
Tight packing refers to the method used during the transatlantic slave trade to maximize the number of enslaved Africans transported on slave ships. Loose pack was provided for fewer slaves per ship in the hopes that a greater percentage of the cargo would arrive alive.
Who was the triple entente and who was the triple alliance?
Allies: russia, britain, france
Entente: germany, austria-hungary, italy