Energy Basics
Circuits and the Future
Homeostasis and Response
Disease and Immunity
???
100
What is the law of conservation of energy?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed - it only changes forms.
100
What are the three essential elements of a circuit?
Wires, load, power source
100
What is homeostasis?
Maintaining stable internal conditions despite external changes
100
Describe the difference between infectious and non-infectious diseases.
Infectious is caused by a pathogen and can spread; non-infectious is genetic/environmental/lifestyle and doesn't spread person-to-person
100
Who is this?
Xiao Long Gao
200
Name one example of a renewable energy source
E.g., solar, geothermal, biomass
200
What's they key difference between a series and parallel circuit?
Series has one path (shared current); parallel has multiple paths (independent components)
200
Name the two types of feedback loops.
Negative and positive feedback
200
Explain the difference between innate (natural) and adaptive (acquired) immunity.
Innate immunity is the body's general, immediate defence present from birth; adaptive immunity develops after exposure to a specific pathogen and creates targeted, long-lasting immunity
200
Hypothetically, if you wanted to spread a disease faster, what factors might influence the rate of spread? Perchance.
e.g. high population density, poor hygiene, low vaccination rates
300
Name one non-renewable energy source.
E.g., coal, crude oil, nuclear
300
State Ohm's Law.
V = IR (voltage = current × resistance)
300
Give an example of negative feedback in the body.
e.g. temperature regulation, blood glucose regulation
300
Explain the role of phagocytes in the body's response to a pathogen.
They engulf and digest pathogens as part of the immune response, and can present antigens to trigger the adaptive (T cell/B cell) response
300
Who is this?
The better Annie
400
What does a sankey diagram show?
How much energy is transformed, including how much is wasted vs useful.
400
What does an appliance's energy star rating tell you?
How energy-efficient it is compared to similar appliances
400
3 parts of a stimulus-response pathway?
Receptor, coordination centre, effector
400
Why do you think epidemiologists compare per capita disease rates (e.g. cases per 100,000 people) rather than raw case numbers between countries?
It corrects for differences in population size, giving a fair comparison of relative risk
400
Explain why I don't want you guys eating in the lab.
U r grubby and don't clean up properly. Then you eat on table that hasn't been cleaned properly. Then eat chemical. And die.
500
Describe one advantage and one disadvantage of nuclear energy for generating electricity.
e.g. advantage: low emissions; disadvantage: radioactive waste/safety risk
500
Describe one reason alternative energy sources are being developed.
e.g. dwindling fossil fuels, greenhouse gas emissions/climate change
500
Explain why a positive feedback loop, unlike negative feedback, does not maintain homeostasis.
It amplifies the change instead of reversing it, pushing the system further from normal until a goal is reached (e.g. blood clotting)
500
How does a vaccination work?
It introduces a harmless form of a pathogen (antigen). Phagocytes engulf it and present it to T cells, which activate B cells to produce antibodies. Some T and B cells become memory cells, so future exposure to the real pathogen triggers a faster, stronger response
500
Explain how switching to renewable energy sources could help reduce the incidence of some non-infectious diseases.
Less burning of fossil fuels means less air pollution, which lowers rates of respiratory disease