BASICS
What is the primary function of protein synthesis in cells?
The primary function is to synthesize proteins, which are essential for various cellular functions.
Name the three main types of RNA involved in protein synthesis.
mRNA (messenger RNA), tRNA (transfer RNA), and rRNA (ribosomal RNA).
Where are ribosomes located in a eukaryotic cell, and what is their function in protein synthesis?
Ribosomes are located in the cytoplasm and on the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
They facilitate the assembly of amino acids into polypeptide chains during translation.
Define a mutation in the context of protein synthesis.
A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence, which can lead to changes in the corresponding mRNA sequence and, subsequently, the amino acid sequence of a protein.
How is the knowledge of protein synthesis applied in medicine?
The knowledge is applied in the development of pharmaceuticals, including vaccines, antibodies, and gene therapies.
Name the two main stages of protein synthesis.
Transcription and Translation.
Which type of RNA carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosomes?
mRNA (messenger RNA).
Define the terms "codon" and "anticodon" in the context of protein synthesis.
A codon is a three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA, while an anticodon is a complementary sequence on tRNA.
Name one type of mutation that can occur during protein synthesis.
Point mutation, which involves the substitution, insertion, or deletion of a single nucleotide.
Name a specific medical application where recombinant DNA technology and protein synthesis play a crucial role.
Insulin production using genetically engineered bacteria or yeast.
Where does transcription take place in a eukaryotic cell?
Transcription takes place in the nucleus.
What is the function of tRNA in translation?
tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the mRNA codon sequence during protein synthesis.
What is the significance of the start codon in protein synthesis?
The start codon (usually AUG) signals the beginning of translation and the incorporation of the first amino acid into the growing polypeptide chain
How can mutations in the DNA sequence affect the final protein product?
Mutations can alter the amino acid sequence, potentially changing the protein's structure and function.
How do scientists use protein synthesis knowledge in forensic science?
DNA profiling relies on understanding protein synthesis to identify individuals based on their unique genetic markers.
What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription?
RNA polymerase catalyzes the synthesis of RNA using the DNA template.
What is the role of rRNA in protein synthesis?
rRNA is a structural component of ribosomes and facilitates the catalysis of peptide bond formation.
How does tRNA ensure the correct amino acid is added during translation?
tRNA carries an anticodon that base-pairs with the complementary codon on mRNA, ensuring the accurate placement of the corresponding amino acid.
How do cells regulate protein synthesis, and why is this regulation important?
Cells regulate protein synthesis through mechanisms like gene expression control, ensuring that proteins are produced only when needed for specific cellular functions.
Discuss one way in which understanding protein synthesis is applied in the development of anti-cancer drugs.
Anti-cancer drugs may target specific proteins involved in cell growth and division, inhibiting cancerous processes.
Where does translation occur in a cell?
Translation occurs at the ribosomes.
During transcription, what is the complementary mRNA sequence for the DNA sequence: A-T-G-C?
U-A-C-G.
What happens during the elongation phase of translation?
Amino acids are added one by one to the growing polypeptide chain, facilitated by tRNA and ribosomes.
What are the potential consequences of a frameshift mutation during translation?
Frameshift mutations can lead to a shift in the reading frame, causing significant changes in the amino acid sequence and often resulting in a nonfunctional protein.
In what ways is protein synthesis involved in the production of biofuels?
Genetic engineering and protein synthesis are used to optimize microorganisms for the efficient conversion of biomass into biofuels.