Probability
Genes
Penutt Squares
Lab Skills
Chromosomes
100
The proportion of the F2 in a dihybrid cross that will have the same genotype as the F1 (assuming standard pure-breeding dominant and recessive parentals).
What is 1/4 (F1 is heterozygous for both genes, can quickly calculate that 1/2 of the F2 for each gene will be heterozygous, then 1/2x1/2=1/4).
100
Someone’s genetic composition for a particular trait
What is a genotype.
100
Genetically this means to be pure breeding.
What is homozygous
100
In gel electrophoresis, DNA travels towards this electrode.
What is positive (every phosphodiester bond has a negative charge)?
100
The stage in meiosis when homologs segregate.
What is Anaphase I?
200
The proportion of the F2 from a dihybrid cross that is dominant, phenotypically, for both traits, that will breed true (assuming standard pure-breeding dominant and recessive parentals).
What is 1/9? (1/3 homozygous for one gene and 1/3 for the other-solve for each gene individually first, then rule of products 1/3 x 1/3)
200
The phenotype that appears in the F1 is called _______
What is dominant?
200
The mode of inheritance when normal parents have affected sons and daughters .
What is autosomal recessive?
200
ddNTPs and a single primer are 2 ways that these two reactions differ from each other.
What are Sequencing and PCR
200
A chromosome with arms of equal length.
What is metacentric
300
This proportion of the gametes from a trihybrid will be dominant for 2 genes and recessive for 1.
What is 3/8?
AaBbCc:23 = 8 possibilities of those 8, 3 places where letter can be small. The rest give you 3 dominant, 3 recessive and three combos of 2 recessive 1 dominant. Mathematically: 3!/1!(3-2)!=6/2=3 possible combos and ½ shot of getting desired outcome for each gene so 1/2x1/2x1/2=1/8 x the 3 possible combos = 3/8
300
The probability that a normal individual with normal parents and an affected sister is a carrier.
What is 2/3?
300
2 words for how a dihybrid cross can result in a 9-3-4 ratio.
What is recessive epistasis?
300
In PCR, if you only start with one strand of template, after 10 cycles, you will have this many.
What is (210 or 45 work = 1024, or 128 if not counting til cycle 3 for actual desired product)?
300
Purines = Pyrimidines and A+G=T+C
What are Chargaff’s rules?
400
Achondroplastic dwarfism is caused by an allele that has dominant morphological effects and is a recessive lethal. The probability of 2 dwarfs having 1 normal and 1 dwarf child.
What is 4/9?
Probablility for normal=1/3, dwarf=2/3, probablility of desired result- 1/3 x 2/3=2/9. How many ways can you get this result, 2, so 2 x 2/9=4/9)
400
The coefficient of genetic similarity between 1st cousins once removed.
What is 1/16?
1/2^5=1/32 through each parent, so 1/32 + 1/32=2/32 or 1/16
400
This is an example of__ and the phenotypes and their proportions yielded from a heterozygous cross are ______
What is a recessive lethal trait 1/3 normal, and 2/3 munchkin (MM is lethal).
400
The biggest advantage to doing iPCR versus long PCR for the Xq28 inversion experiment
What are shorter products, which PCR favors (and can multiplex the reaction for more control)?
400
One of these contains one double strand -DNA molecule, the other contains two identical double strand -DNA- molecules that are joined at their centromere.
What is an unreplicated chromosome and a chromatid?