Cancer and oncological disorders
What is disease occurring when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably and can invade other tissues?
cancer
What are telomeres?
These protective caps at the ends of chromosomes shorten as cells divide and are associated with aging.
What is the first law of Mendel's laws?
Law of dominance and uniformity
Trisomia in 21st chromosome it is...
Down's syndrome
Process by which cancer cells spread from the original tumour to other parts of the body.
metastasis
This process is a type of programmed cell death that helps remove damaged or unnecessary cells.
Apoptosis
What are genotypes of parents, if ratio of offspring is 9:3:3:1?
AaBb x AaBb
Causes of chromosomal disorders?
Abnormal number of chromosomes and structure changes
What is Leukemia?
This type of cancer begins in blood-forming tissues such as bone marrow and leads to the production of abnormal white blood cells.
Give 5 causes of aging
Telomere attrition, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, genomic instability
This process involves copying DNA into RNA.
transcription
What happens during non-disjunction?
chromosomes fail to separate correctly during Meiosis in Anaphase I and II
What is a malignant tumor?
This type of tumor can spread to other parts of the body and is typically life-threatening.
This neurodegenerative disease, often associated with aging, leads to progressive memory loss and cognitive decline.
Alzheimer's disease
How many principles in chromosomal theory?
4
If genes located on the same chromosomes and flipped between each other, how it will be called?
Inversions
This gene, often called the “guardian of the genome,” helps regulate cell division and prevent tumour formation. What is this?
tumor suppressor gene
Difference between necrosis and apoptosis
Apoptosis: the cell shrinks and breaks into small fragments without causing inflammation.
Necrosis: the cell swells, bursts, and often triggers inflammation in surrounding tissues.
Thomas Morgan
Name disorder caused by structural changes
Cri du chat syndrome.