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GXE interactions
Sexual Selection
Kin selection
Heritability
Math
100
P = G + E + ?
What is GXE
100
Reproductive success = # of offspring + ________
What is survival of offspring
100
This describes relative fitness of a genotype when it's rare within a population
What is invasion fitness
100
What does this equation give you h^2 = VA/VP
What is narrow sense heritability
100
This statistical test measures variation between and within groups, and can tell you how much of a trait's variation can be explained by group membership (group = categorical variable, trait = continuous variable)
What is ANOVA
200
Vocab: Ability to develop different phenotypes in response to different environmental conditions
What is phenotypic plasticity
200
Vocab: Difference in size between egg and sperm
What is anisogamy
200
Both of these things describe what: (relatedness) * (benefit to recipient) - (cost to actor) "I would lay down my life for two brothers or eight cousins"
What is Hamilton's Rule
200
Apart from additive genetic variation, what OTHER kinds of variation contribute to VG?
What is variation due to dominance & epistasis
200
What statistical test do you use to determine confidence in a phylogenetic tree
What is bootstrapping
300
True or false: The ocean floor is a very stable, predictable environment. This will favor high levels of phenotypic plasticity.
What is False
300
3 conditions that promote the evolution of sexual monogamy
What is fitness benefits from both parents contributing to parental care What is high costs to males for mating What is widely dispersed population What is clustered timing of receptivity
300
Based on Hamilton's Rule, you should be willing to give up your life for ____ half-siblings, or _____great-aunts
What is 4 half siblings, or 8 great aunts
300
The Breeders equation: R = h^2 * S What does each element of this mean? R: h^2: S:
What is R: = response to selection, difference between offspring and parental generation pre-selection h^2 = narrow sense heritability (VA/VT) S= selection differential, difference between parental generation before and after selection
300
How would you use a graph to determine heritability of a trait
What is get the slope of mid-offspring trait value vs mid-parent
400
A classic example of phenotypic plasticity is caste determination in social insects. Whether a female ant becomes a worker, soldier, or queen is determined by the food she is fed. Would you say this this an example of VG, VE, or VG:VE?
What is VE
400
Explain how sexual selection and natural selection can act in opposition
Sexual selection is selection for factors that promote reproductive success. Runaway sexual selection can favor traits that promote reproductive success at the expense of other fitness traits
400
This describes animals that live in colonies, with overlapping generations, where only some members are allowed to reproduce
What is eusociality
400
Many life history traits (fecundity, lifespan, etc.) have a heritability close to 0. Why do you think this is the case?
What is traits with a very direct relationship to fitness tend to be fixed at the highest fitness combination of alleles--> no genetic variation for the trait in the population
400
This equation tells you: | 2*Ne*s | >> 1 (Can also be written as s >> 1/2Ne
At what combination of Effective population size (2Ne) drift becomes less powerful than selection coefficient of s
500
a)What kind of conditions would promote change in mean value of a trait? b)What kind of conditions would promote greater plasticity in a trait?
What is : a) directional selection b) inconsistency of directional selection
500
The 'sexy sons' hypothesis, or Fisher's runaway selection model describes the following scenario:
What is the theory that females may choose males who will pass on sexually preferred traits to their sons, ultimately increasing their sons' reproductive success and their own fitness.
500
You are a female worker ant. You are diploid, your reproductive brothers are haploid, and your reproductive sisters are also diploid-- both will eventually leave the colony to mate. How many of your brothers are worth your life? How many of your queen-sisters
What is 2 queen sisters, 4 brothers
500
On the first exam, there was a question in which a color pattern was associated with turtle survival. To show that evolution by natural selection was occurring, you needed to prove 2 things. 1) there was additive genetic variation for the color pattern 2) the color pattern was associated with a fitness advantage. Explain this answer using the breeder's equation (R = h^2 * S)
What is S: based fitness advantage of one trait over another h^2: based on additive genetic variation Without both of these, R= 0
500
With large numbers of genes contributing to variation for a phenotypic trait (e.g. height in humans), the population approaches what kind of distribution for that trait
What is a normal distribution