Homeostasis
An animal that derives body temperature from an external heat source
Ectotherm
Dorsal and longitudinal muscle contraction, then elastic nature of exoskeleton 'rebounding'
wings
is a thin skeletal muscle that sits at the base of the chest and separates the abdomen from the chest. It contracts and flattens when you inhale. This creates a vacuum effect that pulls air into the lungs. SUPPORTS EFFICIENT RESPIRATION
Diaphragm
3 things
Why do we eat?
Energy
Carbon-based structural supports
Essential nutrients
Three different types of feathers
Body protection and modifed for flight
hair like with weak shaft and tuft of short barbs Short tufts without rachi, found under contour feathers wherein there barbules lack hooks and function as insulation
Contour feathers
Filoplumes
Down
excretion organ at head
found in arthropods called green glands
• Internal muscles attach to in‐folded rigid exoskeleton, across a membranous region of non‐rigid exoskeleton to provide a ‘hinge’ in the joint
Jointed appendages
Evolution of various accessory digestive glands, Eg.: salivary glands, liver, etc.
Chemical breakdown
Skeletal adaptions of birds
Fused axial skeleton
Reduced bones
Keeled sternum
Urine is produced tubular secretion in hexapods and chelicerates
Malpighian tubules
• Found in some invertebrates • Typically made of calcareous, proteinaceous or chitinous plates • Must be periodically molted
Exoskeleton
Changes in temperature and pH/carbon dioxide concentration shift the hemoglobin saturation curve
Bohr Effect
is the breakdown of substances within the cytoplasm of a cell
intercellular digestion
Mammalian skin
Nonvascular with keratinized top layer for protection and produce hair/fur
Vascular, glandular (sensory and endothermy)
Fat storage
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
Cold-climate homeotherms can allow their appendages to cool to reduce heart loss and keeps vital regions warm
Counter heat exchange
dense bone in which the bony matrix is solidly filled with organic ground substance and inorganic salts, leaving only tiny spaces (lacunae) that contain the osteocytes, or bone cells
Compact bone
have an extensive system of air sacs as reservoirs during ventilation to provide for continuous gas exchange
Bird lungs
Hunger center
Hypothalamus
Muscle types
a muscle which is connected to the skeleton to form part of the mechanical system which moves the limbs and other parts of the body.
the principal involuntary-muscle tissue of the vertebrate heart made up of striated fibers joined at usually branched ends and functioning in synchronized rhythmic contraction.
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
State of res that is prolonged or daily
Torpor
fine network of 'beams' within ends of long bones and between surfaces of flat bones
Spongy bone
Diffusion across a thin, unfurrowed, highly vascularized tissue layer. E.g.: Snails, scorpions, some spiders, some fish
Simple Lungs
Lack mesodermally derived gut musculature of true ciliates ₋ Movement of material is usually by cilia ₋ Most molluscs also use cilia (coelom weakly developed)
Acoelomates and pseudocoelomates
Non-granular gel-like ectoplasm that enclosed a more liquid endoplasm
Harlike, motile processes extend from surfaces of many animal cells. "sliding filaments" to generate motion
can only shorten by contraction, they cannot actively elongate. Opposing provide external force necessary to stretch a muscle back to its resting length.
Amoeboid
Ciliary & Flagellar
Muscular