Types of potentials
A graded potential that hyperpolarizes the membrane is ________ and makes it more difficult for an action potential to be fired.
inhibitory
The major intracellular anion that maintains a negative intracellular environment is _____.
amino acids/proteins
The ______ branch of the ANS originates in the cranial and sacral regions of the spinal cord. The ______ branch of the ANS originates in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
Hair cells of the inner ear are what type of receptor?
Mechanoreceptors
______ matter is composed of cell bodies, synapses, and unmyelinated axons. ______ matter is composed of myelinated axons only. ______ matter forms the high-speed pathways between different areas of the CNS.
Gray, white, white
The same graded potential repeated close together produces ______ summation. Different graded potentials overlaping at the same time produces ______ summation.
The chemical gradient of Na pushes it _____ the cell. The electrical gradient of Na pushes it _____ the cell. The chemical gradient of K pushes it _____ the cell. The electrical gradient of K pushes it _____ the cell.
The cell bodies of preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system are found in the _____ and have _______ axons compared to sympathetic NS axons. Preganglionic neurons release ______ as a neurotransmitter at the synapse with the postganglionic neurons.
gray matter of the spinal cord, long, acetylcholine
_______ coding is higher frequency potentials from the same receptors. ______ coding activates more receptors when stimulation intensity increases.
frequency, population
The _____ area, located near the motor cortex, is responsible for the motor movements necessary to produce speech. The _____ area, located near the auditory cortex, is primarily involved in the comprehension of language.
Broca's, Wernicke's
_________ potentials are all or nothing, do not degrade, and are used for long-distance electrical communication within the body. They start propagation at the ______ _______ and finish at the _______ ______ where they synapse with another neuron or cell.
Action, axon hillock, axon terminal
voltage, threshold, time, peak
The receptors on postganglionic neurons of both branches of the ANS are ______ ______. Parasympathetic receptors on effector tissue are ______ ______. Sympathetic receptors on effector tissue are _____ _____.
nicotinic cholinergic, muscarinic cholinergic, adrenergic
Rods and cones are _______ because rather than having the receptors adapt to changes in light levels the eye controls light input by dilating and constricting the pupil. The outer radial muscle of the pupil is innervated by the ______ NS and is in charge of _____ the pupil. The inner circular muscle of the pupil is innervated by the ______ NS and is in charge of _____ the pupil.
tonic, sympathetic, dilating, parasympathetic, constricting
CSF is produced by ____ cells of the ____ _____ which are located in each of the ventricles. It is reabsorbed by ______ ____
ependymal, choroid plexus, arachnoid villi
The binding of a ________ to a ______-gated channel on the dendrites or soma of a neuron causes them to open and create a graded potential. This graded potential travels by _____ conduction and _____ as it spreads.
neurotransmitter, ligand, electronic, decays
The _____ _____ ______ spans all of depolarization and most of the repolarization phase. During this time, a second action potential cannot be generated because _____ gates are either open or inactivated.
The ____ _____ _____ spans last part of repolarization phase and hyperpolarization. During this time a _______ graded potential must be produced to trigger an action potential.
Absolute refractory period, Na
Relative refractory period, suprathreshold
Exceptions to the rule of dual innervation include ______ and ______ (blood vessels) and the ______ _____, which releases epinephrine and norepinephrine to spread the effects of sympathetic responses to the entire body through the bloodstream.
arterioles, veins, adrenal medulla,
______ of sound is coded for by where on the basilar membrane deflection occurs. ______ of sound is coded for in degree of deflection and opening of ion channels in stereocilia.
frequency/pitch, intensity/amplitude/loudness
The ______ ______ in the brain stem is the first stop for most incoming sensory information. The ______ is responsible for subconscious coordination of movement and maintaining proper body position. The _______ in the diencephalon is responsible for regulating the body's internal environment. The ______ is the highest, most complex integrating area of the brain that is responsible for sophisticated neural functions.
reticular formation, cerebellum, hypothalamus, cerebrum
Action potentials spread by ______ conduction in unmyelinated axons and ______ conduction in myelinated axons. In myelinated axons the action potentials only occur at gaps in the myelin called _____ __ ______.
Myelin is made by _____ in the CNS and ______ in the PNS.
Contiguous, saltatory, Nodes of Ranvier
Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells
Resting membrane potential is maintained at -70mV by slow passive efflux of ____ ions and active transport by the _____ _____ ______.
The depolarization phase is caused by fast ______ of _____ ions when voltage-gated channels open.
The repolarization phase is caused by fast _____ efflux from the cell.
K, sodium-potassium pump, influx, Na, K
At a neuromuscular junction, voltage-gated ____ channels at the axon terminals open in response to an action potential. This ion triggers the exocytosis of ______ which diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to ______ ______ receptors on the myocyte causing depolarization as ions move into and out of the cell through _______ diffusion.
Ca2+, ACh, nicotinic cholinergic, facilitated
If stereocilia move in the direction of the tallest stereocilia: Ion channels will ___ causing cations to flow ___ the cell (_________). It will release the amino acid ____.
open, into, depolarization, glutamate
In the spinal reflex arc pathway, a stimulus triggers a receptor which sends a signal down a _____ neuron which enters the spinal cord via the _____ root. The ______ center directs the signal immediately to an efferent neuron which exits the spinal cord via a _____ root. The efferent neuron then stimulates the effector tissue.
afferent, dorsal, integration, ventral