Respiration/Digestion
Animal Organization
Development
Skin Muscle Skeleton
Excretion
100
Why do animals need to have a digestive system?
Break down large complex molecules into simpler nutrients
100
What type of body cavity is this?
Pseudocoelomate
100
The three germ layers
Endoderm
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
100
Protection, thermoregulation, crypsis, communication, and secretion are some (but not all of) the functions of this
The integument (skin)
100
The automatic processes that maintain a stable internal environment of an animal.
Homeostasis
200
More eloquent term for pooping
Egestion
200
What type of muscle is this?
Smooth
200
Mesoderm develops into this tissue type
Connective Tissue
200
The process of molting off the outer cuticle in insects and arthropods
Ecdysis
200
Signals dehydration and controls permeability of the collecting duct in order to reabsorb more water.
(hint: also related to why alcohol makes you pee a lot)
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
300
List all the functional regions of a complete gut
1. reception
2. conduction (& storage)
3. early digestion (& grinding)
4. terminal digestion and
absorption
5. water absorption and
concentration of solids
300
What are the 4 basic tissue types? Give an example of each.
Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscle
300
What kind of cleavage pattern will this type of egg display?
Holoblastic
300
This is the reason Clifford the Big Red Dog would break his bones just trying to stand up.
Allometry
300
Marine invertebrates are an example of this type of osmotic regulator which are LESS solute concentrated than their environment
Hypo-osmotic Regulator
400
At the end of the digestive process, prior to absorption, what basic chemical substances remain from lipids, from proteins, and from carbohydrates?
Carbs are broken down into simple sugars like monosaccharides
Proteins are broken into amino acids
Lipids are broken into fatty acids and glycerol
400
Type of epithelial tissue that is important in absorption and secretion, found in places like the digestive tract and the uterus
Columnar Epithelium
400
The 3 types of bone cells perform these 3 functions:
1. Makes up extracellular matrix, initiates synthesis of new bone
2. trapped in formed bone
3. erodes bone to promote turnover of new bone
Osteoblast
Osteocytes
Osteoclast
400
Describe the hierarchical organization of a vertebrate skeletal muscle, from the whole muscle down to the myofilaments.
1. Muscle fiber (cell)
2. Myofibril
3. Myofilaments
-Thick filaments(Myosin)
-Thin filaments (Actin)
400
Excretory system found in crustaceans
Antennal (Green) Gland
500
What are the two accessory glands that make up the duodenum, and what do they store
Pancreas - pancreatic juices
Liver - bile
500
What three conditions of the gut do we see in animals? Give an example of an animal with each.
500
How are spermatogenesis and oogenesis similar? How do they differ?
Spermatogensis:
-male
-1 2n primary spermatocyte produces 4 spermatozoa
-Completes meiosis all the time
Oogenesis:
-1 2n primary oocyte produces 1 haploid ovum and 3 polar bodies
-Meiosis 2 is only completed when the ovum is fertilized
500
Describe Excitation-Contraction Coupling
1. Nerve impulse travels to neuromuscular junction
2. release of neurotransmitter
3. binds to membrane receptors, opens gated channels in membrane
4. excitation of muscle cell membrane
5. travels into T-tubules
6. release of stored calcium ions
7. calcium binds to troponin, causes tropomyosin to uncover active sites
500
Processes in Vertebrate Excretion
1. Fluid in the glomerulus filters into the Bowman's Capsule
2. Glucose, ions, water, and amino acids reabsorbed
3. Ions are secreted
1. Glomerular Filtration
2. Tubular Reabsorption
3. Tubular Secretion