Dogs & Cats
What body systems are most commonly affected by leptospirosis?
How is lepto transmitted?
Liver, kidneys
Transmitted via infected urine, usually in a water source
Where do the lesions of FMD usually appear?
Hooves/coronary band, snout, mouth, teats
Chytrid in frogs is caused by what type of pathogen and colonizes which body part?
Contagious fungus, only infects the skin
How does cholera cause death?
Severe dehydration/hypovolemic shock.
What are the 3 main components of a One Health approach?
Health of:
Animals
Humans
Environment
FeLV/FIV: Which is the "nice cat" disease and which is the "mean cat" disease? Which one affects adults and which affects kittens?
FeLV: Licking/grooming (nice cats)
FIV: Fighting/biting (mean cats)
FeLV more in kittens; FIV more in adults
How do cattle usually become exposed to brucellosis and what is the most classic clinical sign?
Ingestion/oral contact with aborted materials, etc.
Classic clinical sign: Abortion
Name at least 3 species we've discussed that can become infected with (and symptomatic for) canine distemper.
Big cats
Giant pandas
Raccoons
Island foxes
Are all NTDs slated for eradication campaigns?
What is the next disease on the docket?
No; each disease has its own target.
Guinea worm is nearly eradicated.
Name diseases we've discussed that are caused by Paramyxoviridae.
Measles
Rinderpest
Nipah/Hendra
CDV
Is FIP considered a contagious disease?
What is unique about how this disease process works?
Is it easy to diagnose FIP?
FIP is not generally considered contagious.
It is a mutation of a normally benign feline Coronavirus.
It is very difficult to definitively diagnose.
What are the phases of Equine Infectious Anemia disease?
What kind of virus is this caused by?
Acute - mild, non-specific illness
Chronic - relapsing fever, epistaxis
Inapparent - signs gradually reduce then stop
This is caused by a retrovirus
What type of pathogen causes avian malaria?
What is the vector?
What species are highly susceptible?
Caused by a protozoan.
Vector is the mosquito.
Hawaiian forest birds and penguins are highly susceptible.
How is Ebola transmitted?
What is meant by "Disease X"?
The next pandemic - potentially much more deadly than Covid.
What is the general life cycle of toxoplasmosis? What species is the reservoir host and who else can be infected?
Life cycle: Cats are the reservoir/definitive host. They shed oocysts in feces and can either reinfect another cat or infect intermediate hosts i.e. rodents. Accidental hosts include humans, sea otters, and others.
What is the mainstay of treatment for horses with equine influenza?
Strict rest.
What body systems are impacted by Chlamydia in koalas?
Eyes, urinary, repro
Why should you not perform a necropsy in suspected anthrax cases?
Bacilli will sporulate if exposed to the air; they will all be dead after 72 hours.
What tools are available to us to control human diseases vs. animal diseases?
Animal diseases can be controlled via strict quarantine/isolation and/or testing/culling, whereas human diseases must abide by many ethical constraints
Why do we not test young puppies under 6 months of age for heartworm?
The worms have not yet matured and the test will be a false negative.
What are the two different transmission cycles of African Swine Fever?
Domestic cycle: Direct pig to pig transmission
How do Tasmanian devils transmit DFTD to one another?
Biting and fighting inoculates the next animal with tumor cells
How is Hantavirus transmitted and what body system does it impact?
Transmitted by mouse reservoir - usually exposure to aerosolized dried droppings. Severe respiratory pathogen.
What are the criteria to call a disease an emerging/re-emerging infectious disease?
Newly appeared
Increasing in prevalence
Changing geographic range
Category A-C NIAID pathogen
What is unique about the transmission of Bartonella to cats, and how do they transmit it to humans?
Flea deposit feces on cat; cat inoculates itself by scratching. NOT transmitted by the flea bite itself. Cats give to humans via scratches.
What are the unusual reservoirs of bovine TB in the UK and New Zealand?
UK: Badgers
NZ: Brushtail possums
What is similar and what is different between BSE and CWD?
Similar: prion-borne, extremely prolonged incubation period, neurological signs, 100% fatal
Different: CWD not known to be zoonotic, CWD has some specific hallmark clinical signs
How has primary screwworm been controlled in the US?
If we have controlled primary screwworm in the US to the point that we do not have the pathogen here at all, what disease control strategy called?
Sterilization of male flies.
This is called elimination of the pathogen.
What is the difference between:
Elimination of disease
Elimination of pathogen
Eradication
Elimination of disease = pathogen may still be present but no cases of illness/disease in a defined area
Elimination of pathogen = pathogen is not present in a defined area, interventions must continue
Eradication = worldwide removal of the pathogen other than in labs, interventions can stop