Developmental
Define Nature and Nurture
Nature - Biological influences on your development
Nurture - Environmental influences on your development
What is the average IQ score?
100
Name the 2 "historical" types of therapy that are no longer used
Bloodletting and Lobotomies
What is the major criticism of twin studies?
twins may be raised separately, but similarly
What do children (and adults too!) typically use to think and form concepts in their minds?
Mental Images
Name 2 'biomedical' therapies and when they are used
ECT (last resort, mood disorders)
Medication (short-term solution, biology-based disorders)
What are the 2 'zones' of Vygotsky's developmental theory? Which is small at first, but grows and eventually almost overtakes the other?
Actual developmental level (small at first), Potential developmental level
Name the 2 types of concepts, and define them
Prototype concept - the average of something represents the entire group/concept
Exemplar concept - Something you can relate to, or are familiar with, used to represent a concept
Define insight and action therapies - Identify the 4 insight and 2 behavioral therapies (hint - one therapy goes into both categories)
Insight - tries to change the way people think (cognitive, Humanistic, psychoanalysis, CBT)
Action - tries to change people's behaviors (Behavioral, CBT)
Name the 4 stages of Piaget's theory, and define each
Sensorimotor, Pre-operational, Concrete operational, Formal Operational
Name the 3 Heuristics (mental shortcuts) and define them
1. Availability Heuristic – events that are easy to think of must happen a lot (but really don't)
•Ex. Tragic events like plane crashes – big impact, but fairly rare
2. Representativeness Heuristic – based on similarity to prototypes
•Ex. If most (avg) NFL athletes are over 6ft, than ALL NFL athletes must be!
3. Recognition Heuristic – the easier an event is to recognize, the higher value is placed on that event
•Ex. Choosing "brand-name" products over "store-brand"
What are the 2 cognitive therapy goals a counselor tries to help with?
›Arbitrary inference – try to stop jumping to conclusions
›Overgeneralization – one event does not necessarily lead to many others
Name the 3 types of Attachment, based on Mary Ainsworth's theory, and define each
Secure (healthy, explore world, hide from strangers, some crying when separated), Anxious/Ambivalent (either super clingy due to overparenting or neutral due to inconsistent parenting), Avoidant (does not seek contact at all with parent due to neglect)
What does the Reaction Range model state about intelligence?
The interaction of heredity and environment – You inherit a set range from your parents. Your environment determines where you fall on that range.
Define/give examples of the 3 behavioral therapy techniques
Systematic desensitization – 1. Think about a spider 2. See picture of a spider 3. One is brought into room in locked box, etc. . . . .
Aversion therapy – Every time they react negatively to a spider (run away, get back in bed, cry, etc.) they get punished
Exposure therapy – repeatedly being exposed to a spider over and over