Graphs
When a horizontal line is drawn from under a frequency distribution it is known as
the x axis
The mean is misleading when ___ (2 answers and both are needed)
When the distribution is skewed and there are extreme scores.
Standardized tests always have:
formal procedures for test administration and scoring
The simplest form of descriptive research is the ___, which requires a questionnaire return or completion rate of ___ to be accurate
survey; 50-75%
Rosenthal effect
The phenomenon whereby others' expectations of a target person affect the target person's performance.
the y axis could also called
Ordinate
If the distribution is bimodal, then there is good chance that
the researcher is working with two distinct populations
In a study where 20% African Americans are necessary to include, what type of sampling procedure will be necessary?
Stratified sampling would be best
z-scores (also called standard scores) are the same as standard deviations, thus a z-score of -2.5 means
2.5 SD below the mean
A panel of investigators discovered that a researcher who completed a major study led to unconsciously rated attractive female better as counselors. This is an example of
The halo effect (which is when a trait that is not being evaluated influences a researchers rating on another trait)
Switching the order in which stimuli are presented to a subject in a study is known as
Counterbalancing
The most useful measure of central tendency is the
mean, often abbreviated by an X with a bar over it
In a new experiment, a counselor educator wants to ferret out the effects of more than one IV. She will use a ___
Factorial
The WAIS-IV IQ test is given to 100 adults picked randomly. How many pf the adults most likely would receive an IQ score between 85 and 115?
68 - because approx 68% of population will fall between +/- -1 of the SD
Solomon's 4-group design
is a study of whether or not a pretest affects the subjects of a study by sensitizing or influencing them before the start of the research. Such effects must be considered in a comparison of the results with the control group
A sociogram is to a counseling group as a scattergram is to (hint: scattergram is aka scatterplot)
A correlation coefficient
A good guess would be that if you correlate the length of CACREP graduates' baby toes with their CPCE scores the results would be
close to 0.00 - there is an absence of association
If an ANOVA yields a significant F value, you could rely on ___ to test significant differences between group means.
Duncan's multiple-range, Turkey's, or Scheffe's test
The analysis of covariance technique can be described with three criteria. One is that it controls the sample differences which exist. What are the other two?
- it helps to remove confounding, extraneous variables
- it statistically eliminates differences in average values influenced by covariates
An elementary school teacher tells the third-grade teacher that a test revealed that certain children will excel during the school year. In realy, no test was given and students were unaware of the experiment. By the end of the year the students who were suppose to excel did. This would be explained via
Rosenthal effect or the experimenter expectancy effect
Regardless of the shape, the ___ will always be the high point when a distribution is displayed graphically.
Mode
The acceptable probability level is __ , which means ___
P= .05, five subjects where not included in the study, and the experimenter will obtain the same results 95 out of 100 times
A counselor educator decides to increase the sample size in her experiment. This will
reduce type 1 and type 2 errors
an IQ of 70 is 70 points below an IQ of 140, yet a counselor could not assert that a client with an IQ of 140 is twice as intelligent as a client with an IQ of 70 - is an example of what NOIR scale?
Interval scale
Define Parsimony and parameter
parsimony - the researcher interprets the results of a study in the simplest and least complex manner; sometimes called Occam's Razor
Parameter - a value used to present a characteristic of the population