Pericardial Effusion
What is the best view to ideal view to differentiate a pericardial effusion from a pleural effusion?
PLAX
What are the 4 stages of the cardiac cycle?
IVCT, Systole, IVRT, Diastole
Cardiac tamponade is also known as-
Swinging heart
What increases preload?
ASD, VSD, PDA, Regurgitation
What is the o2 saturation in the pulmonary veins?
98%
What is the size of small pericardial effusion?
< 10mm
50-100ml
What are the 4 heart sounds?
AV valves close, SL close, REF, Atrial kick
How do we differentiate pericardial versus pleural effusion?
In LAX- Pericardial effusion is seen anterior to DAO and does NOT change with respiration. Pleural is posterior to DAO and may change with respiration.
What increases afterload?
AS, PS, Systemic HTN, Pulmonary HTN
Epicardium, endocardium, myocardium
What is the normal amount of fluid in the pericardial space?
10-30ml
What is the normal range for cardiac output?
4-8 l/min
What are the two m-mode characteristics seen with cardiac tamponade?
Paradoxical septal motion, RV diastolic collapse
What is the name of the capsule we can use to increase heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output?
Amyl nitrate
Infundibulum or conus arteriosus
What is the size of a large pericardial effusion?
10-20mm
100-500ml
The atrial kick corresponds with which part of the EKG.
P wave
What are the 3 main treatments of cardiac tamponade?
Pericardiocentisis, pericardial window, pericardectomy
Myocardial cells do not require external stimulus to spontaneously depolarize- this is called:
Property of automacity
The ___________ is the remnant of the ductus arteriosus.
Ligamentum arteriosum.
Which type of pericardial effusion may contain fibrin strands?
Exudative
What is the term for cardiac output corrected for BSA?
Cardiac Index
What are the components of Beck's triad?
Hypotension, Muffled heart sounds, elevated venous pressure
What is the name of the interatrial tract which the atria communicate?
Bachmann's bundle
What is embryonic remnant that appears as a "web-like" structure sometimes seen in the RA?
Chiari network