Congenital
This congenital defect positions the kidney in the lower abdomen, often causing the kidney to get caught on the inferior mesenteric artery root during its ascent from pelvis to abdomen.
What is horseshoe kidney?
This is the term used to describe the accumulation of waste products (BUN, creatinine) in the blood.
What is azotemia?
Patients will present with pitting edema as a result of this lab finding characteristic of nephrotic syndrome.
What is hypoalbuminemia?
This nephritic syndrome often occurs following mucosal infections.
What is IgA nephropathy?
This is the most common etiologic agent for UTI.
What is E. coli?
(Bilateral/unilateral) renal agenesis leads to oligohydramnios with lung hypoplasia, flat face with low set ears, and developmental defects of extremities.
What is bilateral?
Prerenal AKI is defined by this value for serum BUN:creatinine ratio.
What is 20:1?
This nephrotic syndrome presents with normal glomeruli on H&E stain and negative immunofluorescence.
What is minimal change disease?
Treatment for this nephritic syndrome largely consists of supportive care, unless it progresses to a more severe form of injury/failure (which is rare).
What is poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?
This type of UTI usually does not present with systemic symptoms (i.e. fever).
What is cystitis?
The autosomal dominant form of this inherited defect presents in young adults as HTN, hematuria, and progressive renal failure and is highly associated with berry aneurysms.
What is polycystic kidney disease?
Muddy brown casts are seen in the urine of this type of AKI.
What is acute tubular necrosis (intrarenal AKI)?
This H&E finding is a hallmark of diabetic glomerulonephropathy.
What are Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules?
This autoimmune disorder generates antibodies against collagen in glomerular and alveolar basement membranes and classically presents in young males.
What is Goodpasture syndrome?
Sterile pyuria and primary clinical symptom of dysuria suggest infection with one of these bacterial agents (2).
What are chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrheae?
The autosomal _______ form of polycystic kidney disease presents in infants as worsening renal failure and HTN.
What is recessive?
This form of AKI will resolve with cessation of the offending agent (usually a drug).
What is acute interstitial nephritis?
Type II membranoproliferative glomerulonephropathy is associated with this autoantibody that causes overactivation of complement and subsequent inflammation.
Extra: what enzyme does the autoantibody stabilize?
What is C3 nephritic factor?
(stabilizes C3 convertase)
Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis causes immune complex deposition in this location of the glomerular filtration barrier.
What is subendothelial?
This type of kidney stone is not visible on x-ray.
What is a uric acid stone?
This inherited autosomal dominant defect results in parenchymal fibrosis and shrunken kidneys.
What is medullary cystic kidney disease?
This segment of the nephron is particularly susceptible to nephrotoxic acute tubular necrosis.
What is the proximal tubule? (highest mitochondrial content in the kidney and high metabolic rate so highly dependent on aerobic ATP production)
This nephrotic syndrome presents with a characteristic "spike and dome" appearance on electron microscopy.
What is membranous nephropathy?
This is how you pronounce "pauci".
What is "possy"?
Urease positive organisms (i.e. Proteus, Klebsiella) will commonly cause this kind of kidney stone.
Extra: how do you treat this type of stone?
What is ammonium magnesium phosphate (struvite)?
Treated with surgical removal (because of size) and eradication of infection (to avoid recurrence)