Developmental Psychology
Psychologists use the term____________to refer to changes we experience over the course of our lifetime.
Development
Caffeine is an example of what type of drug?
Caffeine is a stimulant
When giving a phone number or social security number, __________helps a person remember.
chunking--cognitive process of grouping pieces of information into larger meaningful unit or "chunks" to improve short-term retention.
The facial feedback hypothesis suggest that:
Our facial expressions may determine our emotional experience.
Learning not demonstrated until there is a motivation to do so.
Latent learning--knowledge acquisition that occurs without immediate reinforcement. It involves developing cognitive maps or mental representations through observation and exploration which is only demonstrated when motivation arrives.
The infant reflex whereby an infant reacts with extending its arms and legs and then quickly bringing them in when hearing a loud noise or experiencing a sudden drop in height.
Moro Reflex
Safe level of alcohol consumption for the developing fetus of a pregnant woman
NONE
When we use the term "remembering" in everyday life, we are making reference to the memory process of:
retrieval--the process of accessing, recovering, or "calling back" stored information from long-term memory.
In James Lange theory of emotion, physiological responses ____________emotional experiences.
Precede--come before
James Lange theory--proposes that emotions arise from physiological arousal.
Spanking is a form of _______ ____________.
Positive punishment
A child demonstrates object permanence, egocentrism, and a failure to conserve. The child is most likely in which Piagetian stage?
Preoperational stage
Egocentrism--a young child's inability to differentiate their own perspective from that of others, usually occurs in the preoperational stage (2-7)
Hallucinogens act mainly by mimicking the action of _________at the synapses.
Serotonin--neurotransmitter that regulates mood, sleep, appetite and digestion. Often called a "happiness hormone" They can aid neural plasticity promoting the rapid growth of new dendritic spines and increasing neural connectivity.
Knowing how to ride a bicycle is an example of what type of memory
Procedural memory--which is a long-term implicit memory responsible for knowing how to perform tasks, habits, and motor skills automatically
Which theory suggests that we experience emotions and physical reactions simultaneously and independently
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
This type of conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an already established conditioned stimulus rather than directly with an uncodnditioned stimulus. It builds on first order conditioning
Higher-order conditioning (second-order conditioning)
When children employ assimilation, what are they using that they have already developed to understand new information?
Schemas
Low doses of this type of drug has the following effects:
reduced inhibitions, enhanced moods, reduced anxiety and stress, slowed rxn time, impaired judgement, slowed breathing and risk of accident or injury
What are depressants:
EX: alcohol and benzodiazepines
When an experience is emotionally charged, the ability to remember very specific pieces of information related to that is know as:
Flashbulb memory--a highly vivid, detailed, and "snapshot-like" memory of the circumstances in which one first learned of a surprising, emotionally charged or significant event.
This theory of emotion suggests that emotions are based on two factors--physiological arousal and cognitive label
What is the two-factor theory of emotion by Stanly Schacter and Jerome Singer (1962)
This type of learning occurs when behavior is increased by removing an aversive or unpleasant stimulus
What is negative reinforcement
Name Kohlberg's 3 levels of moral development and
Preconventional (includes stage 1--obedience and punishment and stage 2--individualism and exchange)
Conventional (stage 3--good interpersonal relationships--being nice-- stage 4-maintaing social order.
Postconventional--stage 5--social contract and individual rights and stage 6--universal ethical principles of justice and equality
Name 3 stimulant drugs
Caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines, pseudoephedrine/phenylephrine in cold medicines
Which is the most likely mechanism by which information might impair a witness' memory for the actual events in a crime.
Retroactive interference--memory phenomenon where newly acquired information interferes with the recall of older, previously learned information.
Phsysiological needs--air, food, water, sleep
Safety needs--security, stability, protection and freedom from fear or chaos
Love & belonging--social needs for friendship, intimacy, trust and family
Esteem Needs--need for respect, recognition, competence and self-confidence
Self-actualization-achieving one's maximum potential, creative expression and fulfillment
Name the 5 reinforcement schedules
Continuous Reinforcement (CRF)--every time
Fixed-Ratio--occurs after a set predictable number of responses (bonus after every 10 items sold)
Variable Ratio--occurs after an unpredictable number of responses but produces high steady rates of behavior (gambling)
Fixed Interval--occurs after a specific, fixed amount of time has passed (paycheck on Fridays)
Variable interval--occurs after an unpredictable amount of time (emails, messages, etc, social media)