Factors Leading to Independence
What were the internal conditions in New Spain that led to the Mexican independence movement?
Inequality, exploitation, and widespread poverty among mestizos, indigenous people, and other groups.
Who is known as the "Father of Mexican Independence" and gave the "Cry of Dolores"?
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla.
What was the significance of the "Sentimientos de la Nación" presented by José María Morelos in 1813?
It expressed his political ideas, including the sovereignty of the nation, the abolition of castes, and the division of powers.
On what date did Miguel Hidalgo issue the "Cry of Dolores" to start the Mexican War of Independence?
September 16, 1810.
What intellectual movement that emphasized reason and individual rights influenced the Mexican Independence movement?
The Enlightenment.
Which female figure, known as the "Corregidora," played a significant role in organizing the first conspiracies for independence?
Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez.
What document, signed in 1821, formally declared Mexican independence from Spain?
The Treaties of Córdoba.
What was the result of the Valladolid conspiracy of 1809?
It was betrayed, and its leaders were arrested or killed
What external political crisis in Spain directly impacted the push for Mexican independence?
The French invasion of Spain in 1808.
Which leader took over after Hidalgo’s death and sought to organize and discipline the insurgent army?
José María Morelos y Pavón.
What was the name of the document that established the sovereignty of the nation and was influenced by José María Morelos's ideas?
"Constitutional Decree for the Liberty of Mexican America" The Constitution of Apatzingán.
When did the Trigarante Army enter Mexico City, marking the end of the War of Independence?
September 27, 1821
Which revolution in 1776 inspired the Mexican independence leaders by promoting ideas of freedom and equality?
The American Revolution
Who was the Creole military leader who ultimately joined forces with Vicente Guerrero to achieve independence?
Agustín de Iturbide.
Which 1812 Spanish document, which both Spain and Mexico had to swear allegiance to, limited the powers of the monarchy and promoted individual rights?
The Constitution of Cádiz.
Agustin de Iturbide proclaimed the Plan of Iguala on this date.
Feb 1821
Which set of reforms, initiated by the Spanish Crown, caused significant unrest among the Creoles by reducing their power and increasing taxes?
The Bourbon Reforms.
He combined repression with offers of pardon (amnesty) to insurgents who surrendered, while also launching military campaigns against those who continued to fight.
Viceroy Juan Ruiz de Apodaca
What document proposed the "Three Guarantees" of religion, independence, and unity in 1821 but opposed and did not include the ideals of the first caudillos?
The Plan of Iguala.
the troops of the Trigarante Army under the command of Iturbide, enter the capital city of Mexico
September 27, 1821