Pathophysiology Foundations
This term is defined as the study of the pathology and physiology of disease, or "altered health"
Pathophysiology
These single-celled microorganisms are classified by their shape: coccus (spherical), spirillium (helical), or bacillus (elongated)
Bacteria
These two physical barriers serve as the body's primary "1st line of defense" against pathogens
Skin & mucous membrane
These are the five cardinal hallmarks of inflammation, often referred to by their Latin names: rubor, tumor, calor, dolor, and functio laesa
Redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function
This structure serves as the body’s "thermostat" and is responsible for regulating temperature in response to pyrogens
Hypothalamus
This refers to the extent to which a measurement tool accurately measures what it is intended to measure
Validity
These round, single-celled fungi are classified as facultative anaerobes, meaning they can live with or without oxygen
Yeasts
This specific type of white blood cell is the primary responder for viral infections
Lymphocytes
This is the primary chemical mediator of inflammation, responsible for both vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
Histamine
This term describes any substance, whether exogenous (like bacteria) or endogenous (like cytokines), that produces a fever
Pyrogen
This term describes a disease state where abnormal physical findings are present, but the individual experiences no symptoms or discomfort
Asymptomatic
These microbes are roughly 1/3 the size of bacteria, lack a rigid cell wall, and are known to cause certain types of pneumonia
Mycoplasma
These are immature neutrophils, and an increase in their count is referred to as a "shift to the left"
Bands
During the vascular stage of acute inflammation, this immediate and brief action occurs before vasodilation takes place
Arteriolar vasoconstriction
This stage of a fever is characterized by fleeting aches, pains, and a general feeling of malaise
Prodromal
This classification of disease refers to the deterioration of various parts of the body over time
Degenerative
This type of microbe depends on a host cell for nutrients, possesses a rigid cell wall, and is typically transmitted to humans via an arthropod bite, such as a tick
Rickettsiae
These are the largest white blood cells; they mature into macrophages and become the predominant cell type at an injury site within 48 hours
Monocytes
These chemical mediators, which are blocked by NSAIDs like ibuprofen, are responsible for stimulating pain receptors and inducing fever
Prostaglandins
These two specific inflammatory cytokines, released by macrophages and monocytes, are primarily responsible for the development of fever
IL-1 & IL-6
These disturbances, such as those seen in diabetes, involve abnormalities in cellular energy processes
Metabolic Diseases
These specific substances are released only when a bacterial cell wall decomposes and are notoriously unaffected by antibiotics
Endotoxins
This stage of the acute inflammatory response involves four distinct steps: chemotaxis, adherence/opsonization, engulfment, and intracellular killing
Phagocytosis
This type of inflammatory exudate is thick and sticky, creating a meshwork similar to a blood clot
Fibrinous exudate
This systemic manifestation involves the breakdown of skeletal muscle to provide amino acids for the immune response and tissue repair
Muscle catabolism