History of Statistics
Name the year when the term "statistics" was first introduced.
1663
What is "sample size"
Sample size refers to the number of observations or data points collected in a sample from a population for the purpose of statistical analysis.
Explain the difference between primary and secondary data sources.
Primary data is directly collected from the source. Secondary data is collected from existing sources.
Name a sampling method that involves dividing the population into strata and selecting samples from each stratum.
Stratified sampling
Who is known as the father of statistics?
Ronald Fisher
Define "variable."
A characteristic or attribute that can assume different values.
Describe "snowball sampling."
Snowball sampling is a non-probability sampling technique where existing study subjects recruit future subjects from among their acquaintances. This method is often used in research settings where the potential subjects are hard to find.
What is sampling?
Sampling is the process of selecting a subset of individuals from a population to estimate characteristics of the whole population.
Identify the century when the probability theory, a cornerstone of modern statistics, began to develop.
The 17th century
Define "bias" in statistics.
Bias is a systematic error that leads to an incorrect estimate of the effect of a variable by favoring outcomes or interpretations that deviate from the true value.
What is the most common method of data collection in surveys?
Questionnaires
Describe "cluster sampling."
Cluster sampling involves dividing the population into separate groups, called clusters, and a sample of these clusters is selected to represent the population.
What major event in the 19th century significantly advanced the field of statistics for social science?
The British census of 1801
What is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics?
Descriptive statistics summarize and describe the features of a data set; inferential statistics use a random sample of data taken from a population to describe and make inferences about the population.
Name a qualitative data collection method that involves a detailed examination of a single subject or entity.
Case study
What is the main disadvantage of convenience sampling?
It may not represent the whole population well because it relies on the availability and easy accessibility of subjects.
Describe the significance of the Normal Distribution in the history of statistics.
It forms the basis of many statistical tests and models, introduced by Carl Friedrich Gauss.
What term describes the complete set of items that share at least one property of interest?
Population
Describe "experimental research."
Experimental research involves manipulating one variable to determine if changes in one variable cause changes in another variable.
Explain how sampling bias can affect research outcomes.
Sampling bias occurs when some members of the population have a higher chance of being included in the sample than others, leading to a sample that is not representative of the population.