Name 2 critiques of categorizing behaviors into abnormal/normal
What is non-normative in one culture may be normative in another (ex: kissing strangers on cheek normal in Europe), categorization carries a social stigma so labelling can be hurtful/discriminatory, just bc something is distressing/dysfunctional doesn't mean it’s not normative (ex: doomscrolling)
Name the three components of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
ego, superego, id
Is Generalized Anxiety Disorder a categorical or a continuous diagnosis?
categorical- diagnositc criteria differentiate between normative and psychopathology
continuum- GAD criteria can be met in many different combinations of symptoms. Subthreshold GAD exists too.
List 2 of the 4 required symptoms of PTSD
re-experiencing the traumatic event, avoidance, negative changes in thought/mood, hypervigilance/chronic arousal
Are men or women more likely to develop social anxiety disorder?
Women
Psychopathology focuses on behaviors that are _
atypical/unexpected/outside of social norms
List the three divisions of the brain and their functions
hindbrain- critical life functions
midbrain- sensory input relay, reward regulation
forebrain- complex cognition (composed of all 4 lobes, this is what people think of when they imagine the brain)
If I wanted to administer a clinical assessment of PTSD (ex: Clinician Administered PTSD Scale, CAPS) would that be a structured or unstructured interview?
structured- standardized questions, reliable at assessing construct, lack flexibility to ask client questions specific to their situation
unstructured- open-ended questions based on client responses
What is the difference between Acute Stress disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder?
Acute stress disorder symptoms begin within 1 month of exposure, last no more than 4 weeks.
PTSD symptoms can appear at any time after the trauma, symptoms last > 1 month
What is the difference between fear and anxiety?
Fear is an immediate response to a real/perceived threat
Anxiety is a future oriented apprehension, dread, or tension
Name the 4Ds of Abnormality
Distress, dysfunction, deviance, and dangerousness
Describe the difference between classical and operant conditioning
classical- neutral stimulus (bed) + response-inducing stimulus (rest/sleep) -> laying on bed = feeling tired
operant- behavior shaped by reward and punishment (comfortable making more jokes if people laugh, make less if there’s complete silence)
Describe the difference between validity and reliability
Validity- are you assessing the construct of interest? (ex: is the arrow hitting the target or the wall around it?)
Reliability- are you consistent in your measurement? (ex: are the arrows hitting the same general area?)
Name 2 of the 4 criteria the DSM-5 uses to define trauma (exposure to __, __ __, or __ __; must be directly __, __, happened to someone __, or __ to details)
exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence that creates feelings of fear or helplessness
must be witnessed, directly experienced, or must learn it happened to someone close to you, or must have extreme exposure to the details (like a first responder)
How long do panic attacks last before they peak?
Define cultural relativism
Label actions as normative/abnormal based on the culture, no universal rules for what is normal/abnormal
What is the difference between a neurotransmitter and a hormone?
neurotransmitters- biochemical messengers carrying electrical impulses from one neuron to another (neurotransmitters operate on neuron level)
hormones- messengers carrying information through the blood
What does the Bender-Gestalt Test tell us?
Differentiates people with brain damage from people without
Which region of the brain engages the flight or fight response?
hypothalamus
What function does the worry that defines GAD serve?
People use it as a way to manage emotions and reduce negative affect
What is the difference between prevalence and incidence of a disorder?
Prevalence = proportion of population with disorder over a specified period of time
Incidence = # of new cases of a disorder over time
Psychotherapy typically focuses on the individual (functional/cognitive impairments, maladaptive behavior). Why might this be a problem when considering treatment in non-individualistic cultures?
Many cultures are collectivist, focusing on the community over the individual, so individual impairment might manifest as problems attending to others’ needs/understanding social cues/etc. A multicultural approach can help observe and identify problems that may be different from ones we are used to in Western culture.
What is the difference between Computerized Tomography (CT) and Positron-Emission Tomography (PET)?
CT- makes a 3D image of brain structure by measuring X-rays absorbed by head
PET- makes a functional image of brain by injecting radioactive isotope and observing its movement (aka brain activity)
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is different from Exposure Therapy because?
CBT involves restructuring thoughts around experience (cognitive) and learning healthy coping techniques (behavioral)
ET involves writing out trauma and reliving experience in a safe environment to desensitize them
Name the gold standard treatment for most anxiety disorders
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy