Research Methods
asking verbal questions; can be structured, unstructured, or semi-structured
What is an interview?
the purpose of a study
What is the aim(s)?
all members of the population have an equal chance of being chosen as part of the sample.*IT IS THE BEST TECHNIQUE FOR GETTING AN UNBIASED, REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE FROM A TARGET POPULATION*
What is a random sample?
Participants should not be deliberately misinformed and _____ should be avoided.
What is deception?
Recite at least one social assumption. *DOUBLE POINTS IF YOU GET BOTH*
"Behavior, cognitions, and emotions are influenced by social contexts, social environments, and groups."
"Behavior, cognitions, and emotions are influenced by the actual, implied, or imagined presence of others."
in depth study (lots of tests, interviews, other data) of one person or group with interesting characteristics
What is a case study?
keeping the procedure for each participant in a study the same to ensure that any differences between participants or conditions are due to the tested variables instead of differences in the way participants were treated.
What is standardization?
Participants are chosen because they are available, rather than through a random or systematic selection process.
What is an opportunity/convenience sample?
When temporary deception is necessary to the research, it must be fully explained at the conclusion of the experiment. If participants have been negatively affected by a study, the researcher must return them to their original condition.
"Behavior, cognitions, and emotions can be explained in terms of the working of the brain and the effects of hormones."
"Similarities and differences between people can be understood in terms of biological factors and their interaction with other factors."
(THIS QUESTION HAS TWO ANSWERS)
hidden role of the observer
obvious role of the observer
(participant or non-participant?)
What is covert?
What is overt?
participants participate in all levels of the IV (control and experimental levels)
The researcher advertises for participants. Participants choose whether they want to participate or not.
What is a volunteer sample?
The difference between privacy and confidentiality.
What is:
Privacy- pps do not have to reveal personal information that is not normally shared; pps don't have to explain why they don't want to participate in a part of the research.
Confidentiality: Participant information must be kept private and anonymous.
Recite at least one cognitive assumption. *DOUBLE FOR BOTH*
"Information is processed through the same route in all humans: Input-process-output, in a similar way to how information is processed by a computer."
"People have individual differences in their cognitive processing such as with attention, language, thinking, and memory."
not really an experiment because the researcher cannot manipulate the IV; some change occurs naturally and the researcher measures the change in the DV against a control group (ex. Baron-Cohen et. al)
What is a quasi-experiment (natural experiment?)
Consequence of participating in a study in more than one condition. They cause changes in performance between conditions that are not due to the IV but can obscure the effect of the DV; can be controlled by counterbalancing.
What are order effects?
The sampling technique used by the Saavedra and Silverman study.
What is opportunity sampling?
The professional that researchers should get advice from if there is any doubt when dealing with animals.
What is a veterinarian?
Recite at least one of the learning assumptions.
"We all begin life as a blank slate. Experiences and interactions with the environment shape our behavior and these changes are directly observable."
"We learn through the processes of operant conditioning, classical conditioning and social learning. This can be understood using the stimulus-response model."
(THIS QUESTION HAS 4 ANSWERS)
The four studies that are experiments.
What is Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams), Andrade et. al (doodling), Pozzulo et. al (line-ups), Bandura et. al (aggression), Perry et. al (interpersonal distance)?
a research method used to increase the validity and reliability of findings, particularly in qualitative research; involves using multiple techniques, data sources, or investigators to study the exact same phenomenon, ensuring the results are not biased by a single method.
What is triangulation?
Participants are chosen based on referrals or reccomendations from existing participants (They tell their friends!)
What is snowball sampling?
_____ needs to be assessed before trying to conduct research involving children. (Multiple possible answers)
What is:
Necessity
Developmental needs
Possibility for harm
Parental Consent
Sort all the studies into their respective approaches (Social, Biological, Cognitive, Learning)
Social: milgram, Perry et al, Piliavin et al
Biological: Dement and Kleitman, Hassett et al, Hölzel
Cognitive: Andrade, Pozzulo et al, Baron-Cohen et al
Learning: Bandura et al, Fagen et al, Saavedra and Silverman