Foot
Dorsal Interossei
ORGINS: 4 bipennate muscles from adjacent sides of MT shafts, then forming a central tendon.
RUNS: Distally
INSERTION: Each muscle attaches to the side of the proximal phalanx and the MTP capsule
ACTION: Abducts MTP joints of 2-4 toes, flexes MTP together with plantar interossei.
NERVE: Lateral plantar nerve L4-S3
Gluteus Maximus
Origin:
Gluteal surface of ilium, posterior border of ilium and adjacent iliac crest, Sacrum & Coccyx, Sacrotuberous ligament, Fascia overlying glute med
Runs: Down and lateral
Insertion: 3/4 insert into fascia Lata, 1/4 insert into gluteal tuberosity (posterior femur) via an aponeurosis
Action: Hip extension, Hip abduction (upper fibres), Hip adduction (Lower fibers)
Nerve: Inferior gluteal nerve L5-S2
Semitendinosus
ORIGIN: Lower medial facet of ischial tuberosity
RUNS: Down and medial
INSERTION: Pes anserine (insertion medial tibia )
ACTION: Hip extension, Knee flexion, knee medial rotation
NERVE: Tibial division of sciatic L4-S3
Plantaris
ORIGIN: Lateral supracondylar ridge, adjacent popliteal surface of femur, knee joint capsule
RUNS: obliquely down
INSERTION: medial surface of posterior calcaneum via medial side of achilles tendon
ACTION: Plantar flexion
-weak knee flexion
NERVE: Tibial nerve L4-S3
Adductor longus
RUNS: Down and lateral
INSERTION: Middle 2/4 of linea aspera
ACTION: Hip adduction, hip flexion (from extension)
Nerve supply: Obturator nerve L2-4
Plantar Interossei
ORGIN: 3 unipennate muscles, from plantar medial side of medial side of 3,4,5 MT shafts
RUNS: Distally
INSERTION: Medial side of base of proximal phalanges of 3,4,5 toes
Tensor Fascia Lata (TFL)
Origins: Outer lip of iliac crest: ASIS to iliac tubercle
Runs: Down
Insertion: Below greater trochanter between 2 layers of Ilio-tibial tract
Action: Hip Abduction,Hip internal rotation, Hip flexion
Nerve: Superior Gluteal nerve L4-S1
Rectus Femoris
ORGIN: Straight head: AIIS, Reflected head: Groove above acetabulum
RUNS: Down
INSERTION: Patella via quad tendon, tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon
ACTION: Knee extension, Hip flexion
NERVE: Femoral nerve L2-4
Tibialis Posterior
ORIGIN: Postierior aspect of interosseous membrane, superior 2/3 of medial posterior surface of fibula, upper 1/2 of lateral aspect of posterior surface of tibia, fascia
RUNS: Down
INSERTION: Tenson passes behind medial malleolus and under flexor retinaculum, principle attachment on tubercle of medial side of navicular and plantar surface of medial cuneiform, tendinous expansion passes to plantar surface of all Tarsal bones except talus, bases of 2-4 metatarsals.
ACTION: Inversion, plantar flexion
NERVE: Tibial nerve L4-S3
Psoas Major
ORIGIN: Transverse processes, bodies and discs of T12-L5
RUNS: Down, forward, latteral
INSERTION: Lesser trochanter
ACTION: Hip Flexion, anterior pelvic tilt, lumbar flexion
NERVE: Ventral Rami L1-3
Flexor Accessorius
ORGIN: 2 heads from medial and lateral tubercles of calcareous, adjacent long plantar ligament
RUNS: Distally
INSERTION: 2 heads merge to create a flattened muscular band, inserts into tendon of flexor digitorum longus in the mid sole of the foot
ACTION:Aids in flexion of all joints of lateral 4 toes.
NERVE:Lateral plantar nerve L4-S3
Gluteus Medius
Origins: Superior gluteal surface between anterior and posterior gluteal lines
Runs: Down and lateral
Insertion:Via tendon on upper lateral greater trochanter (roughened area)
*Presence of trochanteric bursa separating tendon from greater trochanter
Action: Hip abduction, Hip Internal Rotation
Nerve: Superior Gluteal nerve L4-S1
Vastus Medialis
ORGINS: Lower part of intertrochanteric line, medial lip of linea aspera, supracondylar ridge, anterior surface of intramuscular septum, tendon of adductor Magnus
RUNS: Down and horizontally
INSERTION: Patella via quad tendon, tibial tuberosity, Medial border of patella and front of tibia
ACTION: Knee extension
NERVE: Femoral nerve L2-4
Flexor digitorum longus
Origin: Medial part of the posterior surface of tibia
RUNS: Down
INSERTION: Deep to flexor retinaculum, crosses tendon of flexor hallucinations longs, splits into 4 tendons along sole of foot, inserts into plantar surface of bases 2-5th distal phalanges.
ACTION: Flexes toes 2-5, aids ankle plantar flexion
NERVE: Tibial nerve L4-S3
Pectineus
ORGIN: Superior pubic ramus, iliopubic eminence, pubic tubercle
RUNS: Down, lateral, posterior
INSERTION: Pectineal line on femur
ACTION:Hip flexion, Hip adduction
NERVE: Femoral L2-4, Obturator L2-4
Peroneus Tertius
ORGIN: Front of the lower 1/4 fibula, anterior intramuscular septum and adjoining fascia
RUNS:Down
INSERTION: Passes deep to extensor retinacula, medial and dorsal aspect of the base of the 5th MTP
ACTION: Dorsiflexion and weak eversion
NERVE: Deep perineal nerve L4-S2
Adductor Brevis
Origin: Inferior pubic ramus, Front of the body of the pubis
Runs: Down and lateral
Insertion: Upper ½ of linea aspera, Lower part of pectineal line
Action: Hip Adduction
Nerve: Obturator nerve L2-4
Gastrocnemius
ORGINS: Medial head: facet on posterior aspect of medial femoral condyle and adductor tubercle. Lateral head: lateral femoral condyle above epicondyle
RUNS: Down
INSERTION: Posterior calcaneum via achilles tendon
ACTION: Knee flexion, plantar flexion
NERVE: Tibial nerve L4-S3
Tibialis Anterior
ORGIN: Upper 2/3 lateral surface of tibia, joining interosseous membrane.
RUNS: Down and medial
INSERTION: Runs over anterior aspect of ankle joint under extensor retinacula (superior and inferior), inserts into medial aspect of medial cuneiform and base of 1st MT.
ACTION: Dorsiflexion, Inversion
NERVE: Deep perineal L4-S2
Obturator interns
ORGIN: Internal surface of obturator foramen and membrane
RUNS: Backwards and lateral through lesser sciatic notch
INSERTION: Greater trochanter (medial side)
ACTION: External rotation of hip, Hip Abduction
NERVE: Nerve to obturator internus L5-S2
Soleus
ORIGIN: Deep to gastroc, posterior upper 1/3 of shaft of fibula, head of fibula, fibrous arch between tibia and fibula, sole line posterior surface of tibia.
RUNS: Down
INSERTION: Posterior surface of calcareous via achilles tendon
ACTION: Plantar flexion
NERVE: Tibial nerve L4-S3
Adductor Magnus
Origin: Hamstring part: inferior surface of ischial tuberosity
Adductor part: Ischiopubic ramus
RUNS: Down, lateral
Insertion: whole lines aspera, Medial supracondylar ridge, adductor tubercle
Action: Hip adduction, Hip extension
Nerve: Hamstring part: tibial division of sciatic L4-S3
Adductor part: Obturator nerve L2-4
ORGIN: Outer surface of lateral condyle on femur
RUNS:Obliquely down & medially, across posterior aspect of knee
INSERTION: posterior aspect of medial condyle of tibia, above soleal line
ACTION:Medial rotation of tibia, unlocks knee, allowing it to flex, may assist with knee flexion
NERVE: Tibial neve L4-S3
Lumbricals
ORGIN: Medial 1 (unipennate)- from medial side of FDL tendon to 2nd toe. Lateral 3 (bipinnate)- each muscle from adjacent sides of 2 FDL tendons.
RUNS: Distally
INSERTION: Each muscle winds obliquely upwards, attaching to medial side of the extensor hood and base of proximal phalanx.
ACTION: Flex MTP joints, extend IP joints
NERVE: Unipennate 1st MT = medial plantar nerve L4-S3, Bipennate lateral 3= lateral plantar nerve L4-S3
Piriformis
ORGIN: Sacral segments 2-4, gluteal surface of ilium, sacrotuberous ligament
RUNS: Down, forward and lateral
INSERTION: Via tendon to medial aspect of greater trochanter
ACTION: Lateral rotation of hip, Hip Abduction of flexed hip, helps too hold head of femur in acetabulum
NERVE: Ventral rami L5-S2