S&P 1
a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise).
signal detection theory
a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
perceptual set
The bell in Pavlov's dog salivation experiment BEFORE conditioning occurs (i.e. NS, US, UR, CS, CR)
NS
Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
law of effect
a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension.
biofeedback
this is the process whereby energy is converted into a different form; happens when light/sound waves are converted into neural impulses that our brains can interpret
transduction
this type of processing is guided by higher-level mental processes, like when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
top-down processing
The salivation in Pavlov's dog experiment AFTER conditioning occurs (i.e. NS, US, UR, CS, CR)
CR
In order to teach his new player how to play golf, the coach first had them hold a club to practice their grip, then had them swing without a ball, and then finally swing the club at a ball. At each step of the process, the coach gave the player praise and high fives each time they got closer to the desired behavior. What is this process called?
shaping
Mr. Schauer teaches high school students not for the financial reward, but for the feeling of accomplishment he feels watching them learn. What is this type of motivation?
intrinsic motivation
This part of the eye is a muscle that controls the size of the pupil, controlling how much light is allowed in
iris
Mr. Schauer starts to wear a Tom Ford cologne to try and smell cool like Harry Styles. At first his students easily notice the smell, but eventually come to no longer smell it after he wears it long enough.
sensory adaptation
Mr. Schauer, a former theater member in high school, used to feel nervous every time he stepped onto the auditorium stage. However, after revisiting his old high school, he no longer feels nervous. What has occurred? (i.e. acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, discrimination)
extinction
Mr. Schauer gives every student who texts in class a pair of finger traps to encase their index fingers. After this, the amount of texting in class goes down. Name the type of operant conditioning at play (positive/negative, reinforcement/punishment)
positive punishment
the neural basis for observational learning (Hint: 2 words)
mirror neurons
these three bones, the smallest in the human body, transmit sound waves to the cochlea
hammer, anvil, stirrup
Mr. Schauer stares at the American flag on his wall for a minute, then looks at the wall it is hung on. Instead of seeing red and blue, he instead sees green and yellow. Which theory of color perception supports this?
opponent-process theory
Mr. Schauer's heart rate spikes in stress every time he hears the voice of his students, but does not have the same heart rate spike when he hears the voice of his wife. What has occurred? (i.e. acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, discrimination)
discrimination
Mr. Schauer gets a migraine after his sophomores refuse to stop singing The Rock's rap verse about drive and power. He takes Ibuprofen, and will continue to do so in the future after it removes the headache. Name the type of operant conditioning at play (positive/negative, reinforcement/punishment)
negative reinforcement
Mr. Schauer comes into school dressed in the coolest Skechers anyone has ever seen and screams "sup fam! History finna be lit!" The following week, students have followed Mr. Schauer's example and have come to school in the same shoes using the same phrases. What process of learning has Mr. Schauer engaged in with his students? (Hint: 1 word)
modeling
Mr. Schauer is trying to listen for a student who is playing a tone on their phone trying to annoy him. When the student increases the tone to a frequency of 50Hz, he doesn't hear it the first time, but hears it the second time. What is this frequency an example of for him?
absolute threshold
Mr. Schauer knows that the students in the front row of his class appear slightly bigger to him than the students in the back row only because they are closer to him and the back row is farther away. What is this monocular cue called?
relative size
classical conditioning involves pairing originally neutral stimuli with unconditioned stimuli in order to produce automatic responses. Name the term that refers to these automatic responses. (Hint: 2 words)
respondent behavior
Mr. Schauer and his wife are vacationing in Las Vegas. His wife goes up to the hotel room and leaves Mr. Schauer alone to wait in the lobby. His attention is caught by a giant Batman themed slot machine with flashing lights and a comfy chair. Mr. Schauer plays the slot machine by putting in money and pressing a big red button. He can press the button any number of times, but does not know after how many times he will win. Name the schedule of reinforcement (i.e. fixed/variable, ratio/interval)
variable ratio
A dog is trapped in a locked cage and given repeated electric shocks without being able to escape. After enough time, the dog comes to learn that it cannot get out of the cage. Eventually, the cage is unlocked and the door opened. However, when shocked again, the dog still stays in their cage and does not escape. What is this phenomenon called?
learned helplessness