Fresh Water Fish
Fresh water fish are these type of osmoregulators. What does this mean?
Hyperosmotic
Their internal blood plasma regulates at a higher osmolarity than the surrounding environment
Salt water fish are these type of osmoregulators. What does this mean?
Hypoosmotic
Their internal blood plasma regulates at a lower osmolarity than their environment
Marine reptiles, marine birds, and marine mammals are this type of osmoregulator.
Hypoosmotic
Different animals can tolerate different degrees of change in salinity. If an animal can tolerate large amounts of change in salinity it is said to be this.
Euryhaline
What are the products of metabolism?
water and carbon dioxide
Because of their internal osmolarity in comparison to the environment, fresh water fish face these 2 problems.
Salt loss by diffusion & water uptake via osmosis
Cl- leak channels located on this side of the membrane.
Apical
These are the two major types of terrestrial animals regarding osmoregulation.
Humidic & Xeric
Gills are _________ permeable. What is the challenge with this?
highly, lets in both O2 and water
In FW fish, a Na+/K+ ATPase is responsible for pumping Na+ into the blood on this side of the cell.
Basolateral
Considering fresh water fish osmolarity dilemma, they must produce this type of urine in comparison to their blood plasma. What would their UP ratio look like?
Hypoosmotic
Under 1
During SW fish ion transport Na+ ultimately leaves the blood via this mechanism.
Passive diffusion
How does humidity, wind and temperature influence water loss?
increased humidity decreases water loss, increase of wind and temperature increases water loss
How much of their body weight do FW fish excrete in urine?
1/3
During aerobic respiration, CO2 and H2O combine to form H2CO3 (carbonic acid) which further dissociates into these molecules.
H+ (hydrogen proton) & HCO3- (bicarbonate)
In order to osmoregulate, these 2 ions must be transported from the environment, ultimately to the blood plasma, via the gills.
Na+ & Cl-
During SW fish ion transport, a charge imbalance causes Na+ to move inward and with it, 1 K+ and 2 Cl- ions via this type of protein. On what membrane?
Cotransporter
Basolateral
What are the three mechanisms of water loss for terrestrial animals and their solutions?
Respiratory (nasal turbinates), Cutaneous (less permeable skin), & Urine (concentrated)
SW fish have this type of urine compared to their blood plasma.
isosmotic (cannot make hyperosmotic urine for fish)
What is a main reason that free H+ is bad?
1. acidifies both water and blood
2. combines with carbonate (making second bicarb and results in smaller deformed shells)
The step in which the charge imbalance of the cell drives out the HCO3-, which is exchanged for one Cl- uses what type of protein? What type of transport?
Countertransporter
Secondary Active Transport
What are the two types of salts excreted by saltwater fish? What ions are included? Where are they excreted?
Divalent salts (Mg2+ and SO4 2-) in urine
Monovalent salts (Na+ and Cl-) in gills
Marine birds and reptiles use specialized salt glands to excrete salts. These glands have a specific name.
Cephalic glands
What are the two cell types in the gills of fish?
Pavement cells; mitochondria rich (chloride) cells
What protein would be upregulated if a freshwater animal moved to a marine environment?
NKCC Protein (cotransporter in SW fish) or Sodium Potassium ATPase Pumps